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Diagnostic imaging > Alternate Imaging > Flashcards

Alternate Imaging Flashcards

1
Q

endoscopy

A

use of specialized cameras used to evaluate areas of the body in a minimally invasive manner
can help sample abnormalities or can be used for therapeutic purposes (interventional endoscopy)

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2
Q

endoscopy areas

A

GI, respiratory, urinary, abdominal

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3
Q

do patients need to be anesthetized/sedated for endoscopies?

A

yes

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4
Q

types of endoscopes

A

flexible and rigid

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5
Q

flexible endoscope

A

types: video, fiberoptic
difference is in method of sensing and transmitting images
used for examining depths of tubular structures (intestine, bronchial tree, male canine urethra)

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6
Q

video flexible endoscope

A

image transmitted electronically to a video monitor from the distal tip of the endoscope where it’s sensed by a charge-coupled device (CCD) chip
allows endoscopist to work more effectively with assistants
superior visualization
limited diameter choices

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7
Q

fiberoptic flexible endoscope

A

image carried from the distal tip to the eyepiece via bundles of optical glass fibers
only 1 person can view at a time
can do indirect video endoscopy by attaching an endoscopic CCD video camera to the eyepiece
cheaper and has a wider range of diameters
can have a honeycomb pattern or broken fibers seen as black dots in the image
decreased image quality

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8
Q

rigid endoscopy

A

better for examining nontubular structures (abdomen, thoracic cavity, joint spaces)
aka telescopes
contain glass lenses and fiberoptics
indirect video can be done by attaching CCD camera to eyepiece

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9
Q

endoscope main parts

A
  1. insertion tube- placed in patient
    contains viewing device, biopsy/suction channel, irrigation/insufflation channel, deflection control cables
  2. hand piece- contains deflection control knobs, accessory channel ports, irrigation/insufflation controls, suction valves
  3. umbilical cord- responsible for light transmission
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10
Q

other parts of the endoscope

A

light source, irrigation/insufflation channel (ability to inject water/air, insufflation uses CO2 which gives ability to control flow rate as well as decreased risk of air embolisms in bladder/abdomen, irrigation uses distilled water), suction

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11
Q

instruments used with endoscopy

A

loop snares, alligator forceps, forked jaw graspers, cup biopsy forceps, cytology brushes, retrieval baskets, injection/aspiration needles, electrodes for coagulation
instruments fit through accessory channel

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12
Q

how do you use an endoscope?

A

made to be held in operator’s left hand
larger knob used to deflect scope up and down
smaller knob deflects to left and right
insufflation valve/irrigation valve controlled by placing your finger over valve for insufflation and depressing it for irrigation

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13
Q

care of endoscope

A

wipe down scope with a soft cloth between procedures to remove residual organic material
accessory channel should be flushed with a nonabrasive neutral pH cleaner then flush accessory channel with distilled water and air dried using forced air from luer lock syringe

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14
Q

how should the endoscope be prepared for urinary/respiratory procedures?

A

should be prepared as a sterile instrument
cold disinfection using glutaraldehyde solution or gas sterilization
after cold disinfection use sterile water to rinse scope then dry

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15
Q

what is the end of day procedure for the endoscope?

A

place scope in dilute enzymatic cleaner for 10-15 minutes while using channel brush to clean accessory channel, flush channel with cleaner
rinse scope with distilled water and hang to dry
rigids usually stored in case and flexibles hung on wall

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16
Q

rhinoscopy

A

visualization of nasal cavity and caudal throat

17
Q

tracheoscopy and bronchoscopy

A

visualization of trachea and lower airways

18
Q

esphagoscopy

A

evaluates patients with chronic regurgitation, excessive drooling, dysphagia

19
Q

gastroscopy

A

chronic vomiting, anorexia, suspected gastric masses, gastric ulcerations that are bleeding

20
Q

duodenoscopy

A

chronic diarrhea and assists with evaluating pancreatic ducts and duodenal papillae

21
Q

colonoscopy

A

potential masses in colon, fresh blood in feces, difficulty defecating, chronic diarrhea

22
Q

patient prep for a colonoscopy

A

administer oral laxative solutions and enemas 12-24 hours before

23
Q

urogenital endoscopies commonly done together

A

cystoscopy, urethroscopy, vaginoscopy

24
Q

laparoscopy

A

evaluates abdominal cavity and organs
small 5-10mm incisions made to place a camera/instruments in abdomen
biopsies can be done on any organ with minimal recovery time
can take ovaries out

25
Q

interventional endoscopy

A

includes balloon dilation of strictures in esophagus, colon, urethra, and nasal cavities
foreign body removal in GI and airways
feeding tube placement in esophagus or stomach

26
Q

computed tomography (CT)

A

uses moving x-ray tube to create a series of images that look like slices of bread or cross sections
numerous x-ray beams sent through patient and are directed at another set of x-ray detectors on the opposite side of the x-ray beam, x-ray beam and receptor rotate around patient
can use a nonionic contrast material to enhance visibility of body structure done through IV
need sedation/anesthesia

27
Q

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

imaging technique that uses a magnetic field and computer-generated radio waves to create detailed images of organs and tissues
can reveal subtle abnormalities that can’t be identified with rads or CT scan
gold standard for diagnosing brain/spinal cord diseases
anesthesia required, procedure takes 2-4 hours

28
Q

what contrast agents are required for MRIs?

A

gadolinium to identify infections/deformities/tumors
removed by kidneys

29
Q

nuclear scintigraphy

A

inject radioisotopes into patient to determine location of injury/disease

30
Q

what type of energy is given off from radioisotropes?

A

gamma rays which are detected by a special camera (scintillation camera) and transferred to computer system
then carried to the area of the body with the most blood flow which helps identify location of disease or trauma and details on structure and function of the organ

31
Q

radiotracers

A

technetium (Tc) 99mm used for bone trauma and soft tissue damage in horses, portosystemic shunts, kidney function, and distribution of cancer
iodine (I) 131 used in treatment of thyroid disease/cancer in cats
procedure: once injected with radioisotropes they are brought into focus on camera

32
Q

how do radiotracers show up on the camera?

A

image doesn’t show anatomy and structure of area evaluated but shows areas of high or low concentrations of radiation emitted from the patient
high areas of concentration called “hot spots” burst of gamma protons
older systems use a series of dots to show areas of gamma proton burst while newer units use color

33
Q

how is the camera moved around for radiotracers?

A

moved around patient on a gantry system which is a hoist fitted in a trolley system to allow movement

34
Q

how long should you wait after administering radiotracers to take an image?

A

depends on the structure of the body area being evaluated

35
Q

safety for radioisotropes

A

only administer radioisotropes in a site that can safely handle radiation
patient must stay in testing facility for minimum 24 hours and returned within 48-72 hours after study
wear lab coat, exam gloves, disposable boots, and dosimetry badge
waste from patient should be stored in a lead-lined container for minimum 48 hours to decrease amount of active radiation
each room should be scanned before next exam to establish baseline radiation

36
Q

fluoroscopy

A

type of x-ray machine that uses either pulsing or continuous x-ray beam production
allows for real time evaluations
mAs: 2-5, kVp: 100-120
must have rotating anode in tube head so it can withstand greater heat production for long exposure times
timer is in place to help operator prevent inadvertent radiation burns
as x-ray beam passes through structure being imaged an image intensifier on underside of patient increases brightness of image by 1000-5000 times the original quality
allows image to be placed onto a display screen for viewing and enhances image quality

37
Q

what PPE should be worn for fluoroscopy?

A

gown, gloves, thyroid collar, eyeglasses and dosimetry badges

Diagnostic imaging (13 decks)

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