Altered Immunity

Question 1

Innate vs adaptive immunity

Answer 1

Innate: initial, rapid response that is non-specific that involves inflammatory processes but works with the adaptive immunity to prevent spread of microbes
Adaptive: slower to respond, is specified, can be active or passive. Includes T and B Lymphocytes

Question 2

Humoral immunity

Answer 2

Is when antibodies are activated after we have been infected. Each B Lymphocyte has a receptor that recognizes a specific antigen ( like a lock and key). Memory cells are activated when they see the same antigen

Question 3

Cell mediated immunity

Answer 3

The main immune cells are the cytotoxic T Cells (CD8) but also includes helper T Lymphocytes (CD4)

Question 4

Host Defense Failure

Answer 4

The hosts defense mechanisms are down and can not generate a response. Can be due to pathogens constantly changing, low number of phagocytes, and defective humoral functioning

Question 5

Hypersensitivity

Answer 5

Can be due to tissue injury and exposure can include inhaling, ingesting, injection, or physical contact. Response can be systemic (severe bronchoconstriction AKA Anaphylaxis) or local (itching, redness)

Question 6

Types of hypersensitivity reactions

Answer 6

1: immediate hypersensitivity (anaphylaxis)
2: antibody mediated reaction (Graves disease)
3: immune complex mediated reaction (SLE)
4: cell mediated hypersensitivity reaction (contact dermatitis)

Question 7

Autoimmunity

Answer 7

The immune system doesn’t recognize self vs non-self cells and begins to attack self cells

Question 8

Alloimmunity

Answer 8

When the body creates an immune response from the cells of another individual (ex: graft vs host disease)

Question 9

Clinical models of immune maladaptation

Answer 9

AIDS, Anaphylaxis, SLE, Rh Isoimmunization

Question 10

AIDS

Answer 10

The HIV infects the CD4 cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages. Transmitted through blood and mucous membranes. The virus is rapidly replicating. Initial infection is asymptomatic and early infection are general malaise, fatigue, sore throat. As CD4 declines the resistance to common pathogens like Candida is lowered

Question 11

Anaphylaxis

Answer 11

Overresponse due to a trigger causing a type 1 hypersensitivity reaction. The IgE is most involved in this response. Degranulation of mast cells and basophils cause a local and systemic response

Question 12

SLE

Answer 12

Classified as a type 3 hypersensitivity reaction and is a systemic response due to B and T cells being activated. B cells (produce antibodies) T cells (promote inflammation) and involves the adaptive and innate immune systems

Question 13

Rh Isoimmunization

Answer 13

Type 2 cytotoxic antibody mediated reaction where the Rh antigen attacks red blood cells. Happens when mom is RH- and baby is RH+