Altered Immune Response Flashcards
Homeostasis
normal immune response
removal of damaged cellular substance
Normal immune response
defense: antigens and pathogens
homeostasis
surveillance of mutated cells destroyed
Innate/Non-specific Immunity
no prior contact with an antigen
first line defense
acquired immunity
active acquired and passive acquired
active acquired immunity
response to specific foreign substance; immunizations
long lasting
passive acquired immunity
antibodies are received not synthesized
short lived effect
How do the cells respond in an immune response?
mononuclear phagocytosis
lymphocytes: B and T lymphocytes; T cytotoxic cells (CD8), T helper cells (CD4), natural killer cells (NK)
Dendritic cells
Cytokines
important proteins that function as messengers between cells
Types of Cytokines
alpha-interferon: chronic HBV/HCV, leukemia
beta-interferon: multiple sclerosis
Colony-stimulating factors: G-CSF/GM-CSF: neutropenia
Erythopoetin: anemia
IL 11: prevention of thrombocytopenia
Soluble TNF receptor: Rheumatoid arthritis
Incompetent or under responsive altered immune response
infections
immunodeficiency diseases
malignancies
Overreactive altered immune response
allergies
autoimmune disease
allergic reactions
hypersensitivity rxn
antibodies prepare the antigens so that phagocytic cells of the blood and tissue can dispose of them
triggers excite the mast cells to release chemical mediators such as histamine
types of hypersensitivity
Type l - anaphylactic
Type ll - cytotoxic
Type lll - immune complex runs
Type IV - delayed hypersensitivity rxns
Cytotoxic hypersensitivity example
hemolytic transfusion reaction
Immune complex reaction example
systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
Delayed hypersensitivity reactions example
contact dermatitis (poison ivy/oak), tuberculosis skin test
anaphylaxis manifestations
airway obstruction, hoarseness, stridor, bronchial constriction
weak pulse, tachycardia, hypotension
itching, rashes, hives, angioedema
sense of doom, dizziness, parasthesia
N/V/D, abdominal pain
Atopic-type allergic reaction manifestation
allergic rhinitis
wheezing, dyspnea, cough (asthma)
urticaria (hives)
angioedemia
allergic disorders dx studies
CBC w. diff
radioallergosorbent test (RAST)
skin test
acute anaphylaxis collaborative care
recognition of anaphylactic rxn; maintenance of the airway; use of tourniquet (if indicated)
administration of drugs: IM epinephrine, IV/IM benadryl, IV corticosteroids, nebulizer albuterol
treatment for shock
chronic anaphylaxis collaborative care
allergen recognition and control: lifestyle changes
relaxation techniques
Allergic disorders Drug therapy
antihistamines, sympathomimetic/decogestants: emergency IM epinephrine
corticosteroids, antipruritic, leukotriene receptor antagonists
allergic disorders immunotherapy
if allergen cannot be avoided and drug therapy is not effective: increased dose, history of rxn, early signs of systemic rxn, prepare to treat anaphylactic rxn
Autoimmunity
immune response against self
alteration in T cells alone or both T and B cells
clusters
Autoimmunity causation
genetic susceptibility
initiation of auto reactivity
Plasmaphoresis
Systemic autoimmune diseases
systemic lupus erythematous
rheumatoid arthritis
endocrine autoimmune disorders
addison’s disease
type I diabetes
Gastrointestinal autoimmune disorder
ulcerative colitis/crohn’s
Immunodeficiency disorders
Primary and secondary
primary immunodeficiency disorders
rare, severe
phagocytic defects, B cell deficiency, T cell deficiency, combined B and T cell deficiency
secondary immunodeficiency disorders
common
drug induced: chemo or corticosteroids
age: infants, older adults
malnutrition
disorder/disease: AIDS, diabetes, Cushing’s, burns, CKD
Therapies: radiation, splenectomy
Stress
