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WSET 4 Unit 3 > Alsace > Flashcards

Alsace Flashcards

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1
Q

When did Alsace change from Germany rule to French for the last time?

A

Alsace has changed many times from French to German rule over the centuries

Alsace was part of Germany until the end of WWI

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2
Q

What wines were produced in Alsace under German rule?

A

Mostly average wines produced in bulk

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3
Q

When did the focus on quality happen in Alsace?

A

When Alsace became part of France after WWI

Banning of hybrid vines happens in 1925

AC legislation was applied in 1962

Bottling in the area of production using the traditional Alsace flute bottle was made law in 1972

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4
Q

Who owns more than half the vineyards in Alsace?

A

Grower/producers

Cooperative cellars control a third of the vineyard area and negociants own less than 5% but but large quantities off remaining growers

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5
Q

How many growers are there in Alsace?

A

~5,000 in total, 3,100 farm less than 2 hectares

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6
Q

How is vineyard land divided in Alsace?

A

Into small parcels and most growers don’t rely solely on grape growing/wine making for income

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7
Q

How much of Alsace wines are exported?

A

25%

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8
Q

What are the key export markets for Alsace wines?

A
  1. Belgium /Luxumbourg
  2. Netherlands
  3. Germany
  4. Denmark
  5. USA
  6. UK
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9
Q

How much of the total wine are negociants responsible for in Alsace?

A

40%

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10
Q

How important are co-operatives in Alsace?

A

Very they represent 37% of sales

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11
Q

What are the two ACs for still wine in Alsace?

A

Alsace AC

Alsace Grand Cru AC

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12
Q

What is Cuvée Spéciale in Alsace?

A

A term often found in labels in Alsace to distinguish quality as there are only two ACs in Alsace, but it has no legal status

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13
Q

What does Reserve Personnelle mean in Alsace?

A

A term often found in labels in Alsace to distinguish quality as there are only two ACs in Alsace, but it has no legal status

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14
Q

How much of total production is Alsace AC?

A

80%

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15
Q

What is the maximum yield for white wines in Alsace AC?

A

80hl/ha

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16
Q

What is the maximum yield for Pinot Noir from Alsace AC?

A

75 hl/ha

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17
Q

If the variety is stated on an Alsace AC wine how much must be in the wine?

A

100% if a variety is stated the wine must be produced exclusively from that variety

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18
Q

Will grape variety appear on the label in Alsace?

A

Yes contrary to many French labelling traditions, Alsace wines will reference grape variety on the label (apart from a small number of blends)

If grape variety is stated the wine must be exclusively from that variety

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19
Q

How many vineyards in Alsace qualify for Grand Cru status?

A

51 Vineyards

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20
Q

What grapes can be used in Alsace Grand Cru AC wines?

A

100% single varietals of

Riesling
Muscat
Gewürztraminer
Pinot Gris

Exceptions are blends and Sylvaner (Zotzenberg only)

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21
Q

Is machine harvesting permitted in Alsace Grand Cru AC?

A

No Alsace Grand Cru wines must be hand picked

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22
Q

What is specified for new plantings in Grand Cru areas in Alsace?

A

Vine density

And pruning

New plantings must exceed 4,500 vines per hectare and be pruned to between 8-19 buds per m2

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23
Q

Who controls the chapitalisation, grape varieties, harvest dates and PLC levels for each Grand Cru area in Alsace?

A

Syndicat Viticole

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24
Q

What grapes can a Vendange Tardive (VT) be made from in Alsace?

A

The four noble varieties

Riesling
Muscat
Gewürztraminer
Pinot Gris

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25
Q

Are blends permitted for Vendange Tardive (VT) in Alsace?

A

No must be 100% single varietals from the four noble varietals

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26
Q

What is the potential alcohol required for Riesling and Muscat in Vendage Tardive Alsace?

A

14%

The finished wine will have some level of residual sugar

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27
Q

What is the potential alcohol required for Vendage Tardive Pinot Gris and Gewürztraminer in Alsace?

A

15.3%

Finished wine will have some level of residual sugar

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28
Q

What does SGN stand for in Alsace?

A

Sélection de Grains Nobles (SGN)

Sweet wines with some botrytis from the four noble varieties (Riesling, Muscat, Pinot Gris and Gewürztraminer)

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29
Q

What does VT stand for in Alsace?

A

Vendage Tardive

Late harvest wine made from four noble varietals (Riesling, Muscat, Pinot Gris, Gewürztraminer)

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30
Q

What is the minimum potential alcohol for a Sélection de Grains Noble (SGN) Riesling and Muscat in Alsace?

A

16.4%

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31
Q

What is the minimum potential alcohol for a Pinot Gris and Gewürztraminer Sélection de Grains Noble (SGN) in Alsace?

A

18.2%

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32
Q

6 key facts re Sélection de Grains Nobles (SGN)

A
  1. Category of sweet wines in Alsace produced in outstanding vintages
  2. Selection of noble rotted grapes
  3. Must come from four noble varieties (Riesling, Muscat, Pinot Gris, Gewürztraminer)
  4. Must be 100% single varietals
  5. Must have some level of botrytis
  6. Potential alcohol of 16.4% for Riesling and Muscat and 18.2% for Pinot Gris and Gewürztraminer
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33
Q

Six key facts about Vendage Tardive

A
  1. Late harvest wine from Alsace
  2. Must be one of four noble varietals (Riesling, Muscat, Pinot Gris or Gewürztraminer)
  3. Must be 100% single varietals
  4. Grapes must have a potential alcohol or 14% for Riesling and Muscat and 15.3% for Pinot Gris and Gewürztraminer
  5. Chapitalisation is forbidden
  6. Finished wine will have some level of residual sugar
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34
Q

Five key facts about Alsace AC?

A
  1. Full name Vin d’Alsace AC
  2. 80% of total production
  3. Grape variety will appear on label (aside from on a small number of blends)
  4. If variety is stated, the wine must be produced exclusively from that variety
  5. Maximum yields are 80hl/ha for white varieties and 75hl/ha for Pinot Noir
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35
Q

10 key facts re Alsace Grand Cru AC

A
  1. One of only two AC for still wines
  2. Individual vineyards producing the finest wines
  3. Name of vineyard and grape variety appear on label
  4. 51 Vineyards qualify for Grand Cru Status
  5. Produced from Riesling, Muscat, Gewürztraminer or Pinot Gris
  6. 100% single varietals exceptions are blends and Sylvaner (Zotzenberg only)
  7. Maximum yields lower than in Alsace AC
  8. Grapes must be handpicked
  9. New plantings in grand cru areas must exceed 4,500 vines per hectare and be pruned between 8-19 buds per m2
  10. Syndicat Viticole for each Grand Cru controls the Chapitalisation, grape varieties, harvest date, PLC levels
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36
Q

Where is Alsace?

A

Situated in Eastern France on the border with Germany

Next to the Rhine river

Separated by the Vosges Mountains from the rest of France

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37
Q

Which wine region has the driest climate in France?

A

Alsace

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38
Q

What protects Alsace from the prevailing westerly rain bearing wind?

A

The Vosges mountain range

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39
Q

How many sunshine hours does Alsace enjoy?

A

1,800+

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40
Q

What is the climate in Alsace?

A

Cool continental

Hot summers and long dry autumns

Occasional summer storms with hail

Cold winters allow for vine rest. Occasionally extreme winter conditions cause vine death

A warm meso climate close to Colmar gives a daily temperature of 1•C higher than Alsace average

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41
Q

What are climate hazards in Alsace?

A

Occasional summer storms with hail

Occasional extreme winter temperatures that cause vine death

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42
Q

Where in Alsace enjoys a warm meso climate with daily temperatures 1•C higher on average than Alsace generally?

A

Colmar

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43
Q

Where are the best vineyards situated in Alsace?

A

On east facing slopes

Lesser vineyards on plains

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44
Q

How many departments are there in Alsace?

A

2

Haut-Rhin in the South

Bas-Rhin in the North

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45
Q

What are the soil types in Alsace?

A

Varied

Soil types in upper slopes

  • Alluvial granite and gneiss
  • Schist. Quartz and clay
  • sedimentary volcanic
  • sandstone

Soil types in lower slopes

  • calcareous
  • calcareous sandstone
  • clay/marl
  • calcareous marl

Soil types of the plains
- large soil variation, base or lowest slopes where drainage is good, water available and certain sunshine.

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46
Q

What do the different soils add to final flavour /character of Alsace wines?

A

As a general rule

Heavier clay and marl - gives wines with broader flavours, more body and weight

Lighter limestone or sandy soil gives more elegance and finesse

Flint, schist, slate and shale soils give characteristic oily, minerals aroma reminiscent of petrol and gun flint - especially from Riesling

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47
Q

What are the grape varieties that Alsace considers noble?

A

Riesling
Gewürztraminer
Pinot Gris
Muscat

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48
Q

What varieties can be used for Grand Cru, Vendage Tardive and Sélection de Grains Noble wines?

A

Noble varieties

Riesling
Gewürztraminer
Pinot Gris
Muscat

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49
Q

Where will you find the grape variety on the label in Alsace?

A

Prominently on the front of the label

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50
Q

How do Alsace wines compare to equivalent German wines?

A

Drier and fuller bodied

Pinot Gris and Gewürztraminer often have some residual sugar

Wines reflect the character of the grapes

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51
Q

What have been identified for each commune in Alsace?

A

Suitable vines and rootstocks

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52
Q

What is used to identify Grand Cru sites in Alsace?

A

Analysis of soil for organic, phosphoric and potassium content

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53
Q

Why are a range of varieties planted in Alsace communes?

A

To spread the risk

Different varieties have different flowering and ripening times to mitigate against climatic risk

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54
Q

What is the typically alcohol levels of Riesling in Alsace?

A

11.5-12.5%

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55
Q

What is the most suitable soil for Riesling in Alsace?

A

Granite and schist

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56
Q

Where are the best vineyards found for Riesling in Alsace?

A

Around the towns of

Wolxheim
Dambach-la-Ville
Scherwiller

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57
Q

What percentage of all plantings in Alsace are Riesling?

A

25%

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58
Q

What is the classic style of Riesling in Alsace?

A

Fine strong fruit character
Full nose
High acidity

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59
Q

Why is Riesling suitable for late harvest in Alsace?

A

Hardy grape

Late ripening

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60
Q

What does Gewürz mean in German?

A

It is German for spice

61
Q

What is the classic style of Gewürztraminer in Alsace?

A 
Aromatic
Spicy nose of lychees, rose water 
Full palate with some sweetness 
Low acidity 
High alcohol
62
Q

What gives Gewürztraminer a hint of colour?

A

Skin of grape has a light pink tinge

63
Q

How much of Alsace plantings does Gewürztraminer account for?

A

1/5

64
Q

What soils and where is Gewürztraminer best planted in Alsace?

A

On deep marl soils in the Vosges foothills

65
Q

Where is the best Gewürztraminer wines found in Alsace?

A

On deep marl soils in the Vosges foothills

Around

Barr
Bergheim
Eguisheim
Kayersberg
Kientzheim
Turk here
Pfaffenheim
66
Q

What was Pinot Gris also known as in Alsace?

A

Tokay d’Alsace

67
Q

Why did the EU object to the name Tokay d’Alsace for Pinot Gris?

A

Because Pinot Gris has never been used in the production of Hungarian Tokaji

68
Q

What is the classic style of Pinot Gris Alsace?

A

Rich and alcoholic
Less aromatic nose but luscious and full of flavour on the palate

With balancing acidity

69
Q

What are the issues with growing Pinot Gris in Alsace?

A

Variable yield and prone to difficulties with fruit set

70
Q

What soils does Pinot Gris grow best on in Alsace?

A

Deep soils rich in clay and fine particles or volcanic rock

71
Q

Where is the best Pinot Gris grown in Alsace?

A

Near Obernai

Extreme north at Cleebourg

72
Q

Why is the area under vine or Muscat decreasing rapidly?

A

Due to susceptibility to rot now only 3% of plantings

73
Q

Why is Muscat Ottonel planted more widely in Alsace despite being considered lesser quality than Muscat Blanc à Petits Grains?

A

It is more reliable

74
Q

What is the typical style of Alsace wines from Muscat?

A

Dry with a distinctive grapey nose and musky palate

75
Q

What soil is best for Muscat in Alsace?

A

Sandy or calcareous soils

76
Q

Where is the best Muscat grown in Alsace?

A

Gueberschwihr
Mittelwihr
Katzenthal
Wettolsheim

77
Q

What is the better Muscat varietal in Alsace? Muscat Blancs á Petits Grains or Muscat Ottonel?

A

Muscat Blanc á Petits Grains produces better quality but Muscat Ottonel is more widely planted as more reliable

Muscat decreasing as susceptible to rot only 3% of total vineyard area

78
Q

Which grape in Alsace is authorised for a very small number of VT, SGN and Grand Cru wines?

A

Pinot Blanc

79
Q

What grape accounts for 1/5 of plantings in Alsace and why?

A

Pinot Blanc as used for sparkling and still wines

80
Q

Is Pinot Blanc early ripening or late ripening?

A

Early ripening

81
Q

What soils are suited to Pinot Blanc in Alsace?

A

Light, fertile soils

82
Q

Which grape in Alsace was once widely planted but is now found mostly in Bas-Rhin?

A

Sylvaner

83
Q

What soils suit Sylvaner best in Alsace?

A

Deep sandy or chalk soils

84
Q

Where grows the best Sylvaner in Alsace?

A

Barr
Mittelbergheim
Epfig
Dambach-la-ville

85
Q

Which grape in Alsace produces high yielding, low alcohol, neutral wines?

A

Sylvaner

86
Q

What is the alcoholic strength of Sylvaner in Alsace?

A

Low 10.5-11.5%

87
Q

What % of plantings does Pinot Noir account for in Alsace?

A

About 10% and increasing as the local market seeks something other than white

88
Q

What are the two styles of Pinot Noir found in Alsace?

A

Fruity rosé

And

Barrel-aged red with body and colour

89
Q

Which Alsace wine is not required to be bottled in the traditionally Alsace flute?

A

Pinot Noir

90
Q

Which soils suit Pinot Noir best in Alsace?

A

Sandy or calcareous soils similar to Burgundy

91
Q

What yields does Pinot Noir yield in Alsace?

A

High yields 75ha/hl

92
Q

What are three quality wines from Pinot Noir in Alsace?

A

Rouge d’Ottrott (Bas Rhin)
Rouge de Marlenheim (Bas Rhin)
Rouge de Rodern (Haut-Rhin)

93
Q

What grape is banned from new plantings in Alsace?

A

Chasselas - no new plantings as Alsace authorities wish to phase it out

Used for blending for Edelzwicker and neutral light wines

Tolerant to a range of soils and climates

94
Q

Why has Chasselas historically been planted in Alsace?

A

It is tolerant to a range of soils and climates

It is now being phased out and no new plantings are permitted by Alsace authorities

95
Q

How are vines trained in Alsace?

A

Densely planted

Trained high on trellises that follow the contour of the land to maximise sun exposure

96
Q

Why are vines trained high on trellises that follow the contours of the land in Alsace?

A

To maximise sun exposure

97
Q

What vineyards will be terraced in Alsace?

A

Steep vineyards they will also be densely planted

98
Q

What is the most common pruning system in Alsace?

A

Double guyot

99
Q

Is mechanics harvesting permitted in Alsace?

A

Yes on the plains mechanical harvesting can occur but in steep terraced vineyards needs to be harvested by hand

100
Q

What is the average vineyard holding in Alsace?

A

Small, most under 3 hectares

Growers mostly selling to cooperative cellars or merchants

101
Q

Why do most growers in Alsace sell to cooperative cellars or merchants?

A

As vineyard holdings are small

Most under 3 hectares

102
Q

Why is the vintage period long in Alsace?

A

Due to number of varieties planted

And late harvest styles

103
Q

What is the aim of vinification techniques in Alsace?

A

To keep and express primary aromatic fruit character

104
Q

Why does pressing generally not last longer than 3 hours in Alsace?

A

To reduce skin contact

105
Q

Is Chapitalisation allowed in Alsace?

A

Yes Chapitalisation is common although not permitted for Vendage Tardive styles

106
Q

Do wines spend time on lees in Alsace?

A

Yes quality wines spend a maturation period on its lees before bottling in May-August following harvest

107
Q

In what is Alsace wines fermented?

A

In very old oak fermentation tanks

Fermentation is often stopped with some residual sugar

108
Q

What happens to the third press cycle in Alsace?

A

It is vinified and sold separately

109
Q

What is the style of pressing in Alsace?

A

Gentle pressing by pneumatic press with whole bunches is common

110
Q

What is Hugel?

A

One of the best known and oldest wine producers in Alsace

Family run by 13th generation

Based in Riquewihr

Owns 26 ha mostly Riesling and Gewürztraminer together with a little Pinot Gris and Pinot Noir

Instrumental in reviving Alsace late harvest wines

Helped to draw up requirements for Vendage Tardive and Sélection de Grains Nobles styles

Their Jubilee range is widely revered

Opponents of Alsace Grand Cru appellation which they feel is no guarantee of quality but do own Alsace Grand Cru Vineyards

111
Q

What is Trimbach?

A

A family run wine producer in Alsace

Established in 1626

Wines characterised by very fine fruit and high acidity

Even its Sylvaner can withstand many years of bottle ageing

It’s most famous bottles are Riesling, very fine long lived Clos Hune and Cuvée Frédéric Émile

112
Q

Why is food pairing difficult with Vendage Tardive wines?

A

Because they are made from ripe grapes but the wines themselves vary considerably with how sweet they are, with some tasting rich but are almost bone dry

113
Q

How much of Alsace wine is white?

A

90%

114
Q

What is interesting about even the smallest growers in Alsace?

A

They regularly produce six or eight different wines

115
Q

What is unusual about even the largest companies in Alsace?

A

They are usually family owned

116
Q

What are the tall bottles in Alsace called?

A

Flutes and by law all wines aside from Pinot Noir are bottled in them

117
Q

What latitude is Alsace at?

A

Between 47.5 and 49• N

118
Q

What does Alsace’s latitude provide in relation to viticulture?

A

A long, cool growing season

119
Q

What is the altitude of most Alsace vineyards?

A

175m - 420m

120
Q

What is PLC in relation to Alsace wines?

A

Plafones Limite de Classement

A mechanism where the maximum yield permitted within an appellation controlé is regularly increased by up to 20%

121
Q

Why are vines trained high in Alsace?

A

To avoid frost

122
Q

Why are cover crops used in Alsace?

A

To avoid soil erosion in steel vineyards and provide more of a grip to tractors on moderate slopes

123
Q

Why are Vineyards terraced in Alsace?

A

To follow the contour of the slopes to maximise sun exposure

To reduce soil erosion on steeper slopes

124
Q

Which are the most unreliable varieties in Alsace?

A

Muscat and Gewürztraminer

Unsettled weather at flowering can decimate crop so site should be sheltered

125
Q

Which are the Alsace wines with the most residual sugar?

A

Vendage Tardive

Alsace wines are in principle fermented dry

126
Q

What happened in Alsace in 1962?

A

It was awarded AC status for Alsace AC

Alsace Grand Cru AC was awarded in 1983 along with laws for Vendage Tardive wines

127
Q

Where are most producers based in Alsace?

A

Haut-Rhin to the South

37 of the 51 Alsace Grand Cru AOPs Vineyards are here

128
Q

Which Alsace region is associated with higher quality especially for Gewürztraminer and Pinot Gris?

A

Haut-Rhin to the South

129
Q

Where will you find the best Gewürztraminer in Alsace?

A

In Haut-Rhin

The best examples are at the Southern end around Eguisheim southwards

130
Q

What is the style of Gewürztraminer in Southern Haut-Rhin?

A

More aromatic and richer in weight

131
Q

Where will you find more Sylvaner plantings in Alsace?

A

In Bas-Rhin to the north

132
Q

Which Alsace region is Barr in?

A

Bas-Rhin

133
Q

Which Alsace region is Obernai in?

A

Bas-Rhin to the north

134
Q

Which Alsace region is Molsheim in?

A

Bas-Rhin to the north

135
Q

What Alsace region is Marlenheim in?

A

Bas-Rhin to the north

136
Q

What soils favour Riesling in Alsace?

A

Flint, Granite and schist soils are associated with a mineral, petrol and gun flint character in Riesling from Alsace

137
Q

What is often planted on heavier clay and marl soils in Alsace?

A

Gewürztraminer and are associated with its weight and broad fruit flavours

138
Q

What soils in Alsace are particularly suited to Muscat?

A

Limestone soils are associated with finesse of Muscat in Alsace

139
Q

What proportion of Alsace is Alsace Grand Cru AOP?

A

~4%

140
Q

Where is Eguisheim? Bas or Haut-Rhin?

A

Haut-Rhin, Alsace

141
Q

Where is Pfaffenheim? Bas or Haut-Rhin?

A

Haut-Rhin, Alsace

South of Colmar

142
Q

Where is Mittlewehr? Bas or Haut-Rhin?

A

Haut-Rhin, Alsace

143
Q

Where is Ribeauvillé? Bas or Haut-Rhin?

A

Haut-Rhin Alsace

144
Q

Where is Rorschwihr? Bas or Haut-Rhin?

A

Haut-Rhin, Alsace

145
Q

Where is Riquewihr? Bas or Haut-Rhin?

A

Haut-Rhin, Alsace

146
Q

Why do some producers in Alsace relinquish the Grand Cru designations in favour of historial names?

A

They don’t believe the Grand Cru ACs are tight enough to be a good quality indicator and those with a rich history feel their historial names better serve to differentiate quality

147
Q

What is perhaps the most vaunted name in Alsace wine?

A

Clos Sainte Hune which uses its historial name rather than Grand Cru designations

148
Q

Why did the village of Roshchwihr reject the Grand Cru designations?

A

It has 12 historical crus and was offered two big Grand Crus instead of 12 smaller ones

WSET 4 Unit 3 (42 decks)

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