ALS Flashcards
What is ALS
- rapidly progressive neurodegenerative disease of middle life that is rarely seen prior to age 40
What does ALS cause?
- Disease of UMN and LMNs.
- Loss of anterior horn cells in SC and the motor cranial nuclei in brainstem (LMN)
- Demyelination and gliosis of corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts in motor cortex (UMN)
Major signs - LMN
Muscle weakness, atrophy, fasciculations, hyporeflexia, muscle cramps
Major signs - UMN
- spasticity, hyper-reflexia, pathological reflexes
Major signs - Bulbar signs
- dysarthria, dysphagia
Major signs - Respiratory signs
Nocturnal respiratory difficulty, exertional dyspnea, accessory muscle use, paradoxical breathing
Major signs - Others
- Fatigue, weight loss, cachexia, tendon shortening, contractures
- Frozen shoulder (30% of persons with ALS)
Most frequent initial symptom
- focal weakness beginning in the leg, arm, or bulbar muscles * No sensory symptoms initially
- Cognition, extraocular eye movements and autonomic, bowel, bladder, and sexual functions usually remain intact initially
ALS prognosis
- Death usually results from respiratory failure with 50% of
patients surviving 3-4 years after the onset of symptoms unless mechanical ventilation is used - Most die within 5 years
ALS Medications
- Riluzole, is expensive and adds 2-3 months to a person’s life. Affects breathing function.
- Radicava: unknown mechanism. Possibly anti-oxidant. Slowed decline in function in RCT in Japan
Examination/Evaluation
- MMT/Dynamometry (be sensitive)
- Coordination
- Tone
- Balance
- Fatigue
- Psychosocial
- ALSFRS (self grading ADLS)
- ALSAG-40 and ALSAQ-5: well being, multiple domains
Consider the Multi-System Nature of the Disease during Examination
- Autonomic Function
- Sensory Function
- Screen for cognitive impairments
- Up to 13% can have fronto-temporal dementia; up to 50% with cognitive decline
- Represents poorer prognosis
- Screen for extrapyramidal signs
Symptoms of ALS
- fatigue
- muscle stiffness
- muscle cramps
- shortness of breath
- sleep, pain, anxiety, depression, increased saliva, constipation
- falls increasingly common with advancing disease
treating fatigue
energy conservation
f
treating muscle stiffness and cramps
stretching
treating pain
- depends on source of pain
- cramps: massage, stretch
- skin pressure: positioning
- Msk: P-AAROM and ex
Treating falls
- ADs, Orthotics, balance training
what does highly repetitive or heavy resistance exercise cause?
prolonged loss of strength in weakened or denervated muscle
what can excessive exercise cause?
- impaired recovery of degenerated muscle fiber
Pulmonary techniques
- Inspiratory muscle training prolongs respiratory strength for FVC
- mean length of survival increases
- Lung volume recruitment training strongly enhances immediate cough efficacy with improved FVC
overall considerations for exercise
- ROM and stretching are accepted forms of exercise
- Resistance of unaffected muscles and possibly muscles ≥ 3/5 using low to moderate load and intensity and aerobic ex at sub- maximal levels (50-65% of HRR) may be safe and effective
- Aerobic and resistance ex more appropriate for early-mid stage and in those with slowly progressing disease.
- Monitoring exercise load and tolerance is critical
- Avoiding excessive fatigue and overwork damage
- Instruct pts to not carry out activities to extreme fatigue
Safety Considerations for overuse
- Inability to perform daily activities following exercise due to exhaustion or pain
- Reduction in maximal muscle force that gradually recovers
- Increased or excessive cramping, soreness, fatigue or
fasciculations - Keep an exercise log
- Stop if overuse signs occur
Stage I of ALS
- Independent in ADLs. Ambulatory but clumsy. Specific group of muscles are mildly weak. Mostly doing education, energy conservation, home/workplace modification and psych support
- Mild focal weakness, asymmetrical distribution, hand cramping possibly
- Continue normal activities
- Resistive strengthening for unaffected muscles;
- Submaximal levels of activity otherwise.