ALL Will Flashcards
Glorious revolution
-William occupied London until May 90
-Convention parliament met on 22nd Jan 89, 319 Whigs and 232 Tories
-Whigs believed William should take over, Tories argued they should act as regents
-On 3rd Feb, William warned he would return to Netherlands if not made King, accepted by Lords on 6th and Commons on 8th
-Declaration of rights stated no catholic could inherit the crown
-On 13th, ceremony offered crown to William and 11th April saw coronation oath with a different oath stated
Acts after glorious revolution
-Mutiny Act of March 89 prevented the creation of a standing army without consent of parliament
-Toleration Act of May exempted dissenters from penal laws if they took an oath of allegiance
-Bill of rights passed in January
Bill of right
-No catholic to inherit the throne
-No monarch to marry a catholic
-No monarch could have a standing army
-No monarch could establish ecclesiastical commissions
-Suspending powers declared unconstitutional
-Parliament must consent to all taxation
Financial settlement
-On 20th March, £1.2 million offered, but half had to be used for civil use, William immediately went into debt
-Million Loan act of 93 and 94 establishment of Bank of England secured financial and political control of the monarch
Consolidation of Scotland after the Glorious revolution
-On 14th March 89, William summoned to the convention of estates, a meeting with Scottish elite
-voted James had vacated the throne and in return for the throne, William abolished bishops
-On 11th May, accepted the Throne and a Jacobite rebellion rose in summer
-Compromised with presbyterians and revoked English religious supremacy over Scotland and a purge of 600 ministers
Consolidation of Ireland after the Glorious revolution
-By March 89, Tyrconnell controlled all of Ireland outside of Ulster.
-James landed with 3000 French troops in March and William joined in June
-Battle of Boyne saw James defeated on 1st July and fled to France
Reactions to glorious revolution
-Whigs fully supported the revolution
-Tories sought to maintain a narrow church and did not fully accept the revolution
Early Government under William
-Whigs organised under Junto lords including Whigs in 93-94
-Provided administrative support for William and mary in the 90’s
-Held almost daily parliamentary sessions and dominated parliament
-Tories more loosely structured, but became more organised in the late 90’s
Growing divisions between tories and Whigs after the Glorious revolution
-Clubs established in the 90’s
-Regular parliamentary sessions encouraged allying with those of similar views
-Frequent elections meant parties more important
-An increase in voting rights meant the electorate had to be appealed to.
Whigs wants after revolution
-Contract between crown and subject, crown could be removed if this was broken and parliament should enforce this
-Continuation of war with France
-Extention of Toleration act 1689
Tory Wants after revolution
-Divine right
-Limited naval war against France
-Defend Church and keep it strict
How did William secure the succession
-Whigs accepted the protestant succession, Tories argued that the throne was only defacto Williams
-In Feb 96, after the Jacobite plot, an oath of association demanded all office holder to declare William as rightful monarch. 20 lords and 90 mps refused
-1701 act of settlement secured William
-1702 abjuration act demanded all office holders denounce James’ claim to the throne
Aims for the Church after glorious revolution
-Whigs wanted broadening, Tories wanted strict church
9 years war
-With France, saw a debt of £36 million
-Bank of England granted loans at 8% interest to the monarch to aid, backed by parliamentary taxes
Junto Whigs
-After battle of Boyne, tories removed from government
-between 90-94, the tensions died down and both parties began to work together to control the crown
-After 94, tories entered country position in opposition to the government while Whigs became a central part of it
Rise of the tories
-Reacted negatively to treaty of Rhyswick, tories began to oppose the high taxes of the government and led to tories working with Whigs to exploit the Junto-Whigs confidence and gained seats in 98
-Tories had numerous reforms
-Cut in land tax
-Reduction of the army in 97
-Williams royal guards sent to the netherlands in 99
-Impeachment of Junto Whigs in 1701
-1701 act of settlement
Treaty of Rhyswick
1697 - Peace between William and Louis
State of the political nation by William and Mary
-Rise of monied men who gained wealth from investing and could lend out money, typically Whigs
-These gained political influence from their wealth and government officials sought their advice on domestic and foreign policy
-Gained this wealth thanks to the financial settlement
-This monied men divided tories and whigs, tories saw it as undermining traditional ruling class
-Harris argues that religious issues dominated the political nation still
Religious toleration under William
-William sympathetic to dissenters and was in line with Latitudinarianism, many being appointed bishops
-Latitudinarianism gained large influence over the political nation after 88
-Despite the tolerance of William, local church governance still under the control of local parish and the political nation, narrow Anglican position limited toleration
Reforms to the Anglican church
-William and Mary wanted to reform religion, proposed a comprehension bill in March 89, rejected and a limited toleration act passed
-toleration act exempted dissenters from penal laws if they denied transubstantiation
-Dissenters could worship freely if they had a license to do so, 900 meeting houses received such licenses
-Test acts not repealled, could not enter office
Transubstantiation
-Belief that bread and wine transformed into the body of christ
Dissenters positions after 89
-received concessions, but parliament worried about quakers
-Tillotson became archishop in 91, worrying parliament as he was seen as lenient
-Most dissenters were monied men, worrying parliament due to influence, threatened political nation
-Tories believed they would destroy the church of england
-dissenter pamphlets increased after expiry of licensing act in 95
-Many dissenters could take anglican communion to bypass the toleration acts limitations such as the test act
-attempts to prevent this blocked by Whigs, continued until 18th century
Changes to Catholic position under William
-Glorious revolution designed to reduce catholic influence and toleration
-Victory over the irish and French made catholicism seem like less of an issue, and helped lessen anti-catholicism
-Treaty of Limerick (91), offered some concessions for Irish catholics, but the irish parliament continued to impose harsh legal punishments on them
Williams government
-Due to focus on war with France, William accepted cabinet government as this would be most efficient to coordinate a war effort
-Was a group of chosen ministers providing advice and direction over the crown
-Focus on war led to tension due to his suspension of habeus corpus, imprisonment requiring a trial and attempting to keep a standing army in peace time
