Chapters 1-7 Flashcards
Spatial interaction is affected by
mobility, economics, and anticipation.
the physical environment, the cultural landscape, and the interchange potential of places.
distance, accessibility, and connectivity.
absolute location, spatial parameters, and network design.
distance, accessibility, and connectivity.
Since humans are the active agents in human-environmental interactions, people in general
have no contact with the physical landscape.
are frequently unmindful of the dangers of inappropriate environmental exploitation.
are immune from adverse natural events.
alter the physical environment so that any potential dangers it holds are made harmless or removed totally.
are frequently unmindful of the dangers of inappropriate environmental exploitation
Which of the following is not true of the natural landscape?
It provides the setting for human action.
It is perceived, interpreted, and used in different ways by different cultures.
It determines how people live in a particular place.
It is shaped by human action into a cultural landscape.
It determines how people live in a particular place.
Geography as a discipline
originated in ancient Greek interest in the nature of the universe and the varying character of the known parts of the earth.
developed as an outgrowth of the “Age of Discovery,” beginning in the 15th century.
emerged in the 20th Century with the development of geographic information systems (GIS).
was developed in response to a national need to map and describe the American West.
originated in ancient Greek interest in the nature of the universe and the varying character of the known parts of the earth.
As geographers use the term, scale tells us
the weight of a given commodity.
the intrinsic character of the object or area studied.
the relationship between earth distance and map distance.
the length of a degree of
longitude along different parallels.
the relationship between earth distance and map distance.
An example of a formal region is
the hub and spoke network for a particular airline.
100,000 square kilometers.
Dixie.
the area of France where the Breton language is spoken.
the area of France where the Breton language is spoken.
The word geography is derived from Greek words meaning
human society and the earth.
the cultural landscape of the earth.
the description of the earth.
the measurement of the earth.
the description of the earth.
The term “geography” was reportedly coined by which Greek scientist?
Pythagoras
Strabo
Aristotle
Eratosthenes
Eratosthenes
Geography differs from disciplines such as geology, meteorology, and cultural anthropology in that it
involves greater accuracy of measurement of phenomena studied.
is more precisely defined in terms of the phenomena studied.
is concerned with more abstract concepts.
uses data from related disciplines to study spatial relationships.
uses data from related disciplines to study spatial relationships.
The location of Chicago at 41° 49’ N latitude and 87° 37’ W longitude is an example of
intensive location.
absolute location.
relative location.
remote location.
absolute location.
Geography is BEST described as
the location of countries, state and national capitals, major rivers, and continents.
the study of the origin and behavior of humans and the development of societies and cultures.
the study of how and why human and physical attributes vary from place to place on the surface of the earth.
the study of the choices made by individuals and societies with regard to the alternative uses of scarce resources.
the study of how and why human and physical attributes vary from place to place on the surface of the earth.
Human systems in geography include
Population, political, cultural
Human impact on the environment, service activities, geographic techniques and skills
Human interaction, weather and climate, human impact on the environment
Primary activities, political, landforms
Population, political, cultural
Which one of the following best identifies the cultural landscape?
the natural resources of the earth
the natural landscape as modified by human occupancy
the landscape as modified by recent catastrophic events such as hurricanes, volcanic eruptions, and earthquakes
places where intense human activities have obliterated any trace of the natural landscape
the natural landscape as modified by human occupancy
The term cultural landscape suggests the visible imprint of human activity upon the natural environment.
True
False
True
Which of the following statements regarding the physical characteristics of a place is not ?
They can simultaneously present advantages and disadvantages with which humans must deal
They dictate exactly the manner in which people will live in an area
They may be changed by human intervention
They may refer to a locality’s climate and soil
They dictate exactly the manner in which people will live in an area
The visible imprint of human activity is known as
spatial interaction.
the attributes of the setting.
the cultural landscape.
the natural landscape.
the cultural landscape.
As opposed to absolute location, the concept of relative location
expresses spatial interconnection and interdependence.
is defined by an established measurement system.
is the same as mathematical location.
provides a legal description.
expresses spatial interconnection and interdependence.
Diffusion rates of ideas or things are least affected by
distance.
weather.
population density.
means of communication.
weather.
The term “location matters” refers to
absolute location.
connectivity.
distance decay.
relative location.
relative location.
According to Strabo, the purpose of geography was to
caution civilizations against the assumption that the nature and actions of humans were determined by the physical environment.
create a global grid system.
describe known parts of the world and to assess the differences among countries.
explore the apparent latitudinal variations in climate.
describe known parts of the world and to assess the differences among countries.
Which of the following is not true with respect to “places?”
They are unable to interact with other places
They have location
They may be large or small
They may have both physical and cultural characteristics
They are unable to interact with other places
Geographers believe that the essential starting point for understanding how people live on and shape the earth’s surface is recognizing
absolute locations.
spatial patterns.
relative locations.
human interactions.
spatial patterns.
Which of the following is not considered a feature of the natural landscape?
Canal
Lake
River
Brook
Canal
What term refers to the increasing interconnection of all societies in all parts of the world?
Spatial diffusion
Networking
Globalization
Spatial interaction
Globalization
Which of the following ly lists the five fundamental themes of geography?
Global, national, regional, local, micro
Skills and techniques, physical, cultural, environmental, location
Movement, regions, relationships within places, location, place
Area, space, trends, patterns, time
Movement, regions, relationships within places, location, place
No map projection can depict shapes and areas as accurately as the globe.
True
False
True
As one crosses the International Date Line going westward, the calendar day should be moved
back one day.
ahead one day.
ahead twelve hours.
back twelve hours.
ahead one day.
The United States is the only country with satellites collecting remotely sensed data on the earth.
True
False
False
Because maps are factual, they can never distort the truth.
True
False
False
Every projection has some degree of distortion because
a curved surface cannot be represented on a flat surface without distortion.
parallels and meridians never cross at right angles on a globe.
the grid system is two-dimensional but the earth is three-dimensional.
a sphere is a developable surface.
a curved surface cannot be represented on a flat surface without distortion.
The steeper the slope, the closer together the contour lines rendering that slope.
True
False
True
The Peters projection attempts to promote social justice by showing the true areas of developing countries.
True
False
True
Which of the following properties of a globe is is not correct?
All lines of latitude are parallel to the equator and to each other
All meridians converge at the poles and are true north-south lines
Meridians and parallels intersect at right angles
Due to the slight flattening of the earth in polar regions, parallels increase in length as one nears the poles
Due to the slight flattening of the earth in polar regions, parallels increase in length as one nears the poles
A computer-based set of procedures for handling geographically referenced information is known as
global positioning systems (GPS).
geographic information systems (GIS).
digitally integrated geography (DIG).
intelligent geographic design (IGD).
geographic information systems (GIS).
If it is 5 p.m. at the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, England, what time is it at 45° E longitude?
2 p.m.
8 p.m.
1 a.m.
11 p.m.
8 p.m.
When mapping numerical data, a cartographer should use a projection that is
conformal.
topographic.
equidistant.
equal-area.
equal-area.
A contour interval
is the vertical spacing between contour lines.
connects points of equal elevation above sea level.
is a single map in a topographic series.
heightens the graphic effect of a topographic map.
is the vertical spacing between contour lines.
When one travels one fourth of the distance around the world along the same parallel of latitude, the number of time zones traversed is likely
- 24.
6.
Which of the following is not a thematic map type?
choropleth map
cartogram map
proportional symbol map
topographic map
topographic map
Which of the following is NOT one of the five major components of a geographic information system?
geographic database
pixel
computer hardware
computer software
pixel
Meridians of longitude converge at the
equator
poles
International Date Line
Line of Greenwich
poles
The map type best used to record not only the presence of a phenomenon but to suggest a visual impression of the pattern is
dot
choropleth
linear
cartogram
dot
The contour intervals are much greater for flatter surfaces than for mountainous and steeper slopes
T/F
False
The Peters projection falls into which category of map
Equal-area
conformal
equidistant
thematic
equal-area
The projection used during the Cold War to exaggerate the Communist threat by distorting the areas of countries at high latitudes
cartogram
the Robinson projection
Goode’s Homolosine projection
the Mercator projection
the Mercator projection
A map that accurately portrays the shapes of small areas is called
conformal
graphic
equivalent
compromise
conformal
All of the following are key reference points in the grid system EXCEPT the
North and South Poles
Greenwich Village, New York
equator
prime meridian
Greenwich Village, New York
The International Date Line generally follows the 49th parallel
T/F
False
Which of the following is the largest scale map?
1: 8,000
1: 24,000
1: 50,000
1: 63,360
1: 8,000
What is the angle of the intersection of all parallels and meridians on the earth?
30%
45%
60%
90%
90%
The breaking up of rock by freezing and thawing is the result of
chemical weathering
mass wasting
erosion
mechanical weathering
mechanical weathering
The Ridge and Valley region of Pennsylvania is a remnant of extensive folding
T/F
False
An intrusive igneous rock is formed from
lava that cools rapidly on the earth’s surface
magma that cools slowly beneath the earth’s surface
other rocks that are transformed by heat, pressure, or chemical reactions beneath the earth’s surface
sediments that have accumulated under water in horizontal beds
magma that cools slowly beneath the earth’s surface
The Ridge and Valley region of the eastern United States is the result of what force of diastrophism?
volcanism
warping
faulting
folding
folding
Earthquakes are most often caused by
mass movement
gradational processes
pressure at lithospheric plate boundaries
hot spots
pressure at lithospheric plate boundaries
which of the following is not a depositional landform?
delta
mesa
sandbar
alluvial fan
mesa
the scientist who first proposed the idea of the existence of one supercontinent prior to its breakup millions of years ago is
Alfred Wegener
Charles Darwin
Alexander von Humboldt
William Morris Davis
Alfred Wegener
Terrain created by an underground solution of limestone creating sinkholes and caverns is known as
karst topography
knob and kettle topography
belted topography
gradational topography
karst topography
_____ is the great pressure acting on the plates that deforms them by folding, twisting, warping, breaking, or compressing rock.
volcanism
subduction
diastrophism
mass movement
diastrophism
in the US, the greatest loess deposits are found mainly in the Mississippi River basin
T/F
True
The largest areas of continental-size glaciers in the world today are in
the Rocky Mountains and the Himalayan Mountains
the Himalayan Mountains and the Andes Mountains
Siberia, Canada, and Alaska
Antarctica and Greenland
Antarctica and Greenland
Limestone under certain conditions may undergo a metamorphosis to become
marble
gneiss
slate
granite
marble
The sand grains that make up beaches originated mainly from
windblown materials from desert environments
the great rivers of the world
melting icebergs
coastal erosion and streams
coastal erosion and streams
What are the three processes in which diastrophism is involved?
weathering, mass wasting, erosion
oxidation, hydrolysis, carbonation
broad warping, folding, faulting
subduction, seafloor spreading, transform movement
broad warping, folding, faulting
Great fractures in the earth’s crust resulted in the creation through subsidence, of an extensive rift valley system in East Africa
T/F
True
Theories of evolution of glaciers include, as possible causes, all of the following EXCEPT
periods of excessive dust in the atmosphere
changes in the shape, the tilt, and the seasonal positions of the earth’s orbit around the sun
the drifting of continental plates over tropical regions
the periodic changes in the amount of solar energy received on the earth’s surface
the drifting of the continental plates over tropical regions
which of the following is not one of the principal agents of mechanical weathering?
frost
salt crystals
roots
chemical reaction
chemical reaction
The earth’s crust is the outer, lighter portion of the
asthenosphere
lower mantle
lithosphere
outer core
lithosphere
A tsunami is caused by
an underwater earthquake
a rockslide into the sea
the gravitational pull of the moon
an underwater lava flow
an underwater earthquake
the study of origin, characteristics, and development of landforms is known as
cartography
limnology
geomorphology
demography
geomorphology
which of the following groups contains processes caused only by mechanical weathering
frost action, root action, development of salt crystals
hydrolysis, oxidation, carbonation
frost action, carbonation, root action
development of salt crystals, oxidation, carbonation
frost action, root action, development of salt crystals
glaciers move because
the weight of snow causes compaction at the base and the formation of ice, which becomes plastic-like
the gravitational pull on steep slopes causes avalanches that dislodge the snow accumulations
the rotation of the earth holds the snowfields back, thereby forcing them to move
tectonic forces from within the earth dislodge loose materials, such as great slabs of snow and ice
the weight of snow causes compaction at the base and the formation of ice, which becomes plastic-like
For millions of years the Atlantic Ocean has been widening at the rate of about
1 mile per year
1 yard per year
1 foot per year
1 inch per year
1 inch per year
the worlds tallest mountains were formed by
mechanical weathering
fluid basaltic lava flows
the collision of the Pacific and North American Plates
the collision between the Indian and Eurasian plates
the collision between the Indian and Eurasian plates
Hurricane Sandy is a good example of a storm causing
a tsunami
coastal erosion
an earthquake induced cold front
tides
coastal erosion
Which of the following move(s) in the Northern Hemisphere in a west-to-east direction around the earth in an undulating pattern?
the westerlies
the Coriolis effect
El Ni–o
the jet stream
the jet stream
The type of cloud from which heavy rain falls is a
cirrus.
cirrostratus.
stratus.
cumulonimbus.
cumulonimbus
Waves in the jet streams correspond to changes in the
Group of answer choices
vertical rays of the sun.
ocean tides in the mid-latitudes.
flow of warm and cold air masses into the mid-latitudes.
pull of gravity, causing earthquakes.
flow of warm and cold air masses into the mid-latitudes.
Which of the following has not been suggested by scientists as an explanation of long-term climatic change?
The changing shape of the earth’s orbit around the sun
The varying tilt of the earth’s axis relative to the sun
The changing direction of the earth in its revolution around the sun
The gyration of the earth’s rotation axis
The changing direction of the earth in its revolution around the sun
What type of climate is characterized by hot summers, mild or moderate winters, and plentiful rainfall distributed throughout the year?
marine west coast
Mediterranean
humid subtropical
humid continental
humid subtropical
The dew point is the temperature at which condensation begins to occur.
True
False
True
Land breezes usually occur at night, and sea breezes usually occur in the day.
True
False
True
On a clear, cloudless night the reradiation process causes
rainfall, and perhaps a severe thunderstorm.
the earth to store more energy.
humidity to increase.
temperatures to decrease.
temperatures to decrease.
Coastal deserts are usually the result of
warm ocean currents.
orographic precipitation.
cold ocean currents.
subtropical high pressure.
cold ocean currents.
Characteristic vegetation of the steppe climate is
tundra.
deciduous forest.
coniferous forest.
grass and desert shrubs.
grass and desert shrubs.
Temperature inversions have no effect on air pollution.
True
False
False
Which statement is not true about the greenhouse effect?
The greenhouse effect began with the Industrial Revolution
Carbon dioxoide is the primary greenhouse gas
The greenhouse effect slows down reradiation back into space
Deforestation adds to the greenhouse effect
The greenhouse effect began with the Industrial Revolution
In order to equalize air pressure imbalances, air moves from
high pressure to high pressure.
high pressure to low pressure.
low pressure to low pressure.
low pressure to high pressure.
high pressure to low pressure.
The three most important elements that make up weather are
temperature, precipitation, and vegetation.
precipitation, wind, and temperature.
temperature, wind, and solar energy.
climate, moisture, and solar energy.
precipitation, wind, and temperature.
Which statement is NOT true of a sea breeze?
It is caused by differences in the heating of land and water.
It blows from land towards the sea.
It is a convectional circulation.
It makes living by the seashore more comfortable in warm climates.
It blows from land towards the sea.
Which statement about air pressure is correct?
The greater the differences in air pressure between places, the greater the wind
Air pressure is lowest closer to the earth’s surface
High temperatures are associated with high air pressure
If distances between high- and low-pressure zones are short, wind velocities diminish
The greater the differences in air pressure between places, the greater the wind
A typhoon and a hurricane are essentially the same phenomenon.
True
False
True
Tropical climates (A) of the Köppen system do NOT include
Tropical rain forest
Monsoon
Savanna
Hot Deserts
Hot Deserts
In the Northern Hemisphere, the trade winds blow
from the southeast.
between the subtropical high and equatorial low.
from low to high pressure regions.
from a general westerly direction.
between the subtropical high and equatorial low.
A temperature inversion occurs when
there is a sudden drop in temperature.
the normal diurnal cycle of cool mornings and warm afternoons is reversed.
air at lower altitudes is cooler than air aloft.
smog increases to dangerous levels.
air at lower altitudes is cooler than air aloft.
Precipitation is generally more variable in dry regions than in areas with higher average annual precipitation.
True
False
True
What type of precipitation is caused by air being heated at the surface of the earth?
convectional
conductional
orographic
cyclonic
convectional
The Fujita scale is used to measure the strength of
tornadoes.
hurricanes.
blizzards.
tsunami.
tornadoes
Wind movements in the Northern Hemisphere tend to be deflected in what direction?
North
South
Left
Right
right
When neither the Northern nor the Southern Hemisphere is tilted toward the sun, the noon sun’s vertical rays are felt at
23.5° north and south latitude.
the equator.
67.5° north and south latitude.
the summer solstice.
the equator
One of the principal reasons for the notable decline in death rates in Europe, beginning after 1860, was
Group of answer choices
the introduction of penicillin and other antibiotics.
the reduction in population pressure due to large-scale emigration.
the eradication of man-made diseases.
the reduction of deaths due to epidemics.
the introduction of penicillin and other antibiotics.
Reductions in death rates globally can be attributed to
Group of answer choices
decreases in the birth rate.
the use of antibiotics, vaccinations and pesticides.
immigration.
the discovery of isolated rural areas of developed countries.
the use of antibiotics, vaccinations and pesticides.
Which of the following characteristics of a national population is NOT evident from its population pyramid?
Group of answer choices
age structure
sex structure
dependency ratio
infant mortality rate
infant mortality rate
Total population divided by arable land, which provides an expression of population pressure exerted on agricultural land, gives
Group of answer choices
crude density.
arithmetic density.
physiological density.
agricultural density.
physiological density.
The consequences of zero population growth does not include
Group of answer choices
a growing labor force.
increasing old age dependency ratio.
increasing proportion of older citizens.
higher pension and social service costs.
a growing labor force.
The portions of the earth’s surface permanently inhabited by humans make up the
Group of answer choices
environment.
ecosphere.
ecumene.
biome.
ecumene.
The decline in China’s birth rate is attributable to female empowerment.
Group of answer choices
True
False
t
Overpopulation occurs at densities above 2,500 per square mile.
Group of answer choices
True
False
f
In which age cohort have the greatest declines in mortality occurred?
Group of answer choices
85+
45–64
15–19
<1
<1
Which one of the following areas has the densest population?
Group of answer choices
South America
Europe
Canada
United States
Figure 06.21
Europe
One-quarter to one-third of global mortality is due to
Group of answer choices
war.
malnutrition.
infectious and parasitic diseases.
cancer.
infectious and parasitic diseases.
The crude death rate for wealthy Western Europe is much higher than that for Central America because
Group of answer choices
foreign aid and free medical services are widely available in Central America.
higher urbanization in Western Europe increases the incidence of infectious diseases.
Western Europe has a higher proportion of old people.
tropical areas, including Central America, generally have healthier climates than northern latitude regions.
Western Europe has a higher proportion of old people.
Which of the following explains why there are significantly more males than females in some regions of the world, including south and west Asia?
Group of answer choices
Poverty
More females migrate to other countries than males
Males are hardier and more resistant to disease than females
There is a cultural preference for males that has meant neglect and death for girls
There is a cultural preference for males that has meant neglect and death for girls
Zero population growth (ZPG)
Group of answer choices
refers to an exact equation of births and deaths.
implies an unchanging population age structure.
implies a wide base to the population pyramid.
results when immigration matches emigration.
refers to an exact equation of births and deaths.
Population growth is associated with which stages of the demographic transition model?
Group of answer choices
1 and 2
2 and 3
3 and 4
4 and 5
2 and 3
Which country is well-known for a very stringent population policy of one child per family?
Group of answer choices
India
Japan
Nicaragua
China
China
Developing countries have compressed within a very few years the mortality reductions that took Western Europe a century or more to achieve.
Group of answer choices
True
False
t
The continent with the highest total fertility rates overall is
Group of answer choices
Africa.
Asia.
South America.
Europe.
Africa
Carrying capacity is
Group of answer choices
the maximum biomass an environment will produce.
a function of distance decay.
the maximum number of people that can be supported by available resources and technology.
a reflection of cultural diffusion.
the maximum number of people that can be supported by available resources and technology.
What is the number of years required for a country’s population to double, assuming a growth rate of approximately 20 people per 1,000 each year?
Group of answer choices
20 years
25 years
30 years
35 years
35 years
Which of the following is not considered one of the four great clusters of population?
Group of answer choices
Northeastern U.S./southeastern Canada
South Asia
South America
Europe
South America
If a country has a natural increase rate of 2.0 percent, how long will it take to double its population?
Group of answer choices
2 years
22 years
35 years
70 years
35 years
Presently, the highest rates of natural increase in population are found in which region of the world?
Group of answer choices
Africa
North America
Europe
South America
Africa
Robert Malthus did NOT believe that
Group of answer choices
The biological potential for population growth is less than the potential for increasing food supplies.
Equilibrium will be achieved between numbers and support services
If unchecked, human population would increase at a geometric rate while food supplies expanded at an arithmetic rate.
Humans must restrain their reproductive capacity or nature would enact destructive checks.
The biological potential for population growth is less than the potential for increasing food supplies.
The nonecumene is discontinuous and found on all continents.
Group of answer choices
True
False
True
Which of the following is not an example of material culture?
Furniture
Tools
Folk songs
Musical instruments
Folk songs
The smallest distinctive item of culture is called a
culture norm.
culture complex.
culture trait.
cultural landscape.
culture trait.
Pidgin and creole languages are distinguished from one another by the fact that pidgin
may be based on any European language; creole is always a French dialect.
is always a second language for all its speakers; creole has become a distinctive first language of a society.
is a simplified European language taught to native populations; creole is a simplified native language.
is any invented language of Asia and the Pacific; creole is based on French and found in the Caribbean.
is always a second language for all its speakers; creole has become a distinctive first language of a society.
what is the principal ethnic religion of India?
Hinduism
The spread of English as a worldwide language was the result of
the success of England and the United States in World Wars I and II.
international agreements upon a common language to avoid the confusion of multiple European tongues.
the connection between use of English and receipt of foreign aid by developing countries.
the establishment of overseas colonies and former English dominance in world trade.
the establishment of overseas colonies and former English dominance in world trade.
Language is part of which cultural subsystem?
Technological
Sociological
Material
Ideological
Ideological
Most dialects have a spatial pattern.
True
False
True
What is the language family that includes languages of both South Asia and Europe?
Indo-European
Depopulation of the Chaco Canyon settlements was caused by abrupt and disastrous climatic change.
True
False
False
All the universalizing religions had their origin hearths in Southwest Asia.
True
False
False
The viewpoint that people, not environments, are the dynamic forces of cultural development is called
environmental determinism.
possibilism.
syncretism.
civilization.
possibilism.
A shaman is generally associated with what type of religion?
Ethnic religion
Tribal religion
Universalizing religion
Secularism
Tribal religion
Which one of the following languages belongs to the same language subfamily with English?
German
Spanish
French
Russian
German
Which language has the greatest number of speakers?
English
Spanish
Arabic
Mandarin
Mandarin
The one way in which culture is NOT transmitted to younger generations is by
imitation.
mutation.
instruction.
example.
mutation.
When immigrants to a country give up many of their past cultural traits, lose their distinguishing characteristics and merge into the mainstream of the dominant culture, they are said to have
acculturated.
amalgamated.
adapted.
assimilated.
assimilated
The smallest distinctive items of culture, which range from tools used, to games played, are known as
archetypals.
representatives.
traits.
emblems.
traits.
Swahili, the national language of Kenya and Tanzania, is an example of a
Khoisan language.
Creole language.
Pidgin language.
dialect.
Creole language.
Buddhism in China and Japan has completely obliterated the local indigenous traditions.
True
False
False
The term used to recognize socially created distinctions between males and females in duties assigned and rewards afforded to each is
amalgamation.
syncretism.
vernacular.
gender.
gender.
Ethnic communities are composed of populations with distinguishing
cultural heritages.
citizenship and political affiliations.
racial characteristics.
music and food preferences.
cultural heritages.
The spread of culture traits from one area to other areas is called
diffusion.
innovation.
civilization.
modernization.
diffusion.
Examples of the worldwide diffusion of English include all of the following EXCEPT
over 70 percent of internet pages are in English.
it is one of two working languages at the United Nations.
it is the accepted language for international air traffic control.
it is the official language of 60 countries, including the United States.
it is the official language of 60 countries, including the United States.
The status of women is a cultural spatial variable because
women are found all over the world.
gender relationships and role assignments differ among societies.
women are biologically different from men.
women do different kinds of work.
gender relationships and role assignments differ among societies.
The present day spatial distribution of Buddhism is best described as
China, Tibet, Siberia, Korea.
Northern India, China, Southeast Asia.
Southeast Asia, Tibet, China, Mongolia, Japan.
Tibet, India, Middle East, Japan.
Southeast Asia, Tibet, China, Mongolia, Japan.
Most migration decisions are based upon assessments of alternate economic opportunities.
Group of answer choices
True
False
True
If freedom of movement is not restricted, it is not unusual for as many as what percent of all migrants to return to their place of origin?
10 percent
25 percent
33 percent
50 percent
25 percent
Spatial diffusion declines rapidly with distance. With migration behavior, one expects places close to one another to have a greater rate of migration than places far from one another.
True
False
True
What term refers to the decline of an activity or function with increasing distance from the point of origin?
Critical distance
Friction of distance
Distance decay
Time-distance
Distance decay
Which one of the following is considered a pull factor in regard to migration?
nomads fleeing famine and a spreading desert in the Sahel
high unemployment in Appalachia
amenities of living in Australia
persecution of Jews in Nazi Germany
amenities of living in Australia
The tendency for some migrations to fail leads to
hierarchical migration.
spatial search migration.
channelized migration.
countermigration.
countermigration
Which would most likely not be a push factor for migration?
An earthquake
Religious persecution
Inability to find suitable employment at home
A mild climate
A mild climate
Which one of the following major recent international migration streams is correctly paired with its chief fundamental cause?
from Russia to Israel-drought
from the Sahel to southward in Africa-political
from Iraq to Lebanon, Syria, and Iran-war, terrorism
from Mexico to the United States-political
from Iraq to Lebanon, Syria, and Iran-war, terrorism
The age group in the U.S. that is most likely to move is
youth, 10-14 years.
young adults 20-24 years.
empty nesters, 50-59 years.
retirees, 65-69 years.
young adults 20-24 years.
Areas that dominate a locale’s immigration and emigration patterns are known as
migration fields.
migration venues.
migration hierarchies.
migration spaces.
migration fields.
Determination of the critical distance can be affected by
health, education, and welfare.
innovation, diffusion, and acculturation.
cost, effort, and time.
age, sex, and ethnicity.
cost, effort, and time.
The tendency for individuals in domestic relocations to move from small places to larger ones is known as
counter migration.
channelized migration.
return migration.
hierarchical migration.
hierarchical migration.
The graph of the cumulative number of adopters of an innovation versus time resembles
a S-shaped curve.
a J-shaped curve.
a bell-shaped curve.
a distance decay curve.
a S-shaped curve.
The value of a place as a migration destination is known as its
critical distance.
directional bias.
place utility.
spatial search.
place utility.
Which of the following features does not constitute a barrier to diffusion?
The Internet
Cultural factors
Physical features
Political systems
The Internet
Because it is such a recent phenomenon, the telecommunications revolution has had limited effect on spatial interaction patterns.
True
False
False
The claim of an area as home ground and the defensive measures taken to defend it have specific reference to the term
cognition.
homogeneity.
natural selection.
territoriality.
territoriality.
Spatial diffusion would most likely be used to explain the distribution of
land values.
severe storm activity.
a new technology.
climates.
a new technology.
Globalization is affected by all but which of the following?
global marketing
political integration
international banking
place utility integration
place utility integration
Among the reasons for migrating, push factors
draw migrants to specific destinations.
reflect assessments of action space attraction.
affect international migration but not domestic relocation.
encourage relocation away from original residence areas.
encourage relocation away from original residence areas.
People’s perception of the world usually tends to exaggerate the importance of nearby areas.
True
False
True
The concept of territoriality refers to
topophilia.
activity space.
emotional attachment and defense of home ground.
the perception of opportunities and attractiveness.
emotional attachment and defense of home ground.
According to the United Nations Development Fund, some 30 percent of the world’s population lives on less than _____ per day.
$1
$10
$100
$1000
$1
Human interaction does NOT include
Spatial interactions
Facebook and Twitter
Spreading of communicable diseases
Attending sporting events
Attending sporting events
Companies that have headquarters in one country and subsidiary companies and other facilities in several countries are known as
global partnerships (GPs).
outsourcing organizations (OOs).
transnational corporations (TNCs).
flexible spenders (Fss).
transnational corporations (TNCs).
Many Americans divide the United States into culturally defined “perceptual” regions such as the South, New England, and the Southwest. Discuss the validity of “perceptual” regions, and how those perceptions may be correct or incorrect as they pertain to the United States.
A perceptual region is an area created by the perception of those who live within it rather than by official boundaries or features. For example, many people in the U.S. debate on whether or not some states are in the South or Midwest. These regions are formed by the inhabitants’ shared feelings about an area, showing the culture and shared experiences of those who live there. These regions are ever-changing because of the evolution of people’s perceptions of their environment. To say that a perceptual region may be incorrect is like saying someone’s religious beliefs are wrong. While you may not agree, there’s much to learn from understanding the background. By learning the context of how and why a person formed their beliefs, which are often influenced by geographic or cultural factors, you can uncover deeper insights. Similarly, the way someone feels about the place they live can also uncover hidden meanings. It doesn’t matter whether or not the perceptual region is actually right or wrong. They’re important because they reveal information about an area’s social, historical, and political patterns.
Among other things, Chapter 2 examines aspects of map making that influence government policy and public perception. What did you learn about government concerns with spying and personal privacy issues raised by new technologies? And, in the “Red States, Blue States” section (p. 36), how are maps used to alter perceptions of voting trends in the United States?
Government concerns with new technologies are opening opportunities for personal privacy issues and spying in a multitude of ways. One way these technologies can be misused is interference with political or militaristic affairs outside of their legal boundaries. For example, satellite images can be used to gain advantages in wars. From the satellite images, users, such as terrorists or other countries, are able to see the locations of military equipment and soldiers. Another way these can be abused is by commercial companies selling these images beyond their legal boundaries.
Maps are used to alter perceptions of voting trends in the US by using information in a misleading way. For example, one map shows the electoral votes in the 2016 election. The popular vote was won by blue voters, yet the electoral vote was won by red voters. The map itself is not incorrect in representing the electoral vote, yet its misleading by not being proportionate to each state’s total population of voters. Not only does it not represent voters in states that voted the opposite color, but it also does not represent the proportionate sizes of each state’s votes. This can mislead citizens in believing that their votes don’t count or that their small, densely populated state does not contribute as much as a large, not-so-densely populated state.
Beach towns such as Gulf Shores and Orange Beach (on the Gulf coast of Alabama) are popular vacation destinations. However, many coastal areas are threatened in ways that endanger those beaches. Why are beaches considered “On the Brink”? And what larger problems do threatened beaches point towards?
In beach towns, popular vacation destinations located on shores/coasts, are threatened by both natural processes and human activities. Beaches are dynamic environments, meaning natural processes are always changing the landscape. Processes such as hurricanes, tsunamis, and floods from storms induce rapid change by destroying coastlines in a short amount of time. Beach erosion also changes beaches constantly, caused by both natural and human activities. Suspended loads carry sediments important for the accumulation of sand onto beaches. Weathering and erosion, natural processes, take sediment from mountains to beaches. Human activities such as dams can trap sediment upstream, changing the natural flow of sediment.
About 40% of the US’s population alone lives along coastlines, highlighting the dangers of changing the natural flow of sediment. As climate change and natural processes push the coastlines deeper into land, those who live on and around the beach are in danger of losing their investments. To protect those investments, cities fund beach replenishment to restore the coast by taking sands from offshore sandbars. This can have harmful effects to the ecosystems from which the sand is taken from, thus impacting all life on Earth. Threatened beaches emphasize the huge impact humans have on the Earth and the harmful effects that come with it.
How come so many Americans choose to ignore the threat posed by climate change, and why are we lukewarm on supporting politicians and government policies that aim to reduce the effects of climate change? Are we, as Americans, so politically divided and polarized, that we cannot get past our concerns about gun rights and abortion rights in order to unite against a threat that is both real and measurable, and affects literally every person on Earth? Or, have climate change deniers made a persuasive case that there’s nothing wrong, it’s a hoax, or just a natural cycle, and there’s nothing to worry about?
I think that there are many factors that contribute to a large number of Americans not believing in the threat posed by climate change or believing that it even exists. The harsh reality is that a lot of Americans, particularly conservatives and Christians, do not want to believe that they, as humans, are responsible for climate change. For some of those people, any form of change or progression is thought to have a negative impact on the United States. The reason for some Christians may be that only God can “control” the weather. Put simply, the lack of education and refusal to educate is the main reason that many Americans do not prioritize climate change when it comes to their political decisions.
Another factor is that many people think that focusing on the environment is a waste of time and money. Their only interests, especially in politics, are based on money and power. Many people do not care about the future of humans or the earth; the only thing that matters is that they are comfortable. This selfishness is exactly why political issues such as abortion and gun rights are more in focus than the earth. To them, only now matters. Climate change, abortion, and gun rights are all important issues that should be taken just as seriously as the other.
Based on readings found on pages 120 and 123 of your textbook, why is pregnancy a death sentence for millions of women in developing countries? And, why are women going “missing” around the world?
Pregnancy is a death sentence for millions of women in developing countries because of the lack of proper healthcare and nutrition. Nearly 830 women die each day from preventable causes related to pregnancy and childbirth such as complications during delivery, unsafe abortions, and AIDS. While these causes may be preventable, social, cultural, and economic barriers restrict women from receiving help. As a result, 1 in 17 women in Sierra Leone, for example, will die due to pregnancy.
Women are going “missing” around the world because of cultural norms and practices that consist of a preference for boys over girls. Those from many Asian and southeastern European countries has resulted in sex-selective abortions, female infanticide, abandonment, and neglect towards females. In most countries, the ratio of boys to girls is about even. In these countries, however, the ratio favors boys. This sex imbalance may intensify sex trafficking of women and girls, leading to even more missing women.
Discuss the relationship between innovation and cultural change, and why some societies and religions–or smaller groups in a larger society or religion–either reject or do not readily embrace innovation
Some culture groups are not ready to adopt or adjust to cultural changes such as innovation. To many people, their culture represents their way of life. Innovation, or new methods, products, or ideas, threaten culture groups because it tends to replace them. Folk culture is known as the traditional way of life characteristic of a homogeneous, cohesive, large self-sufficient group that is essentially isolated from or resistant to outside influences. In other words, it a group of people that is ruled by tradition and highly resistant to change. Folk cultures, such as the Old Order Amish, reject new innovation sine they see it as a threat to their way of life. For example, the Old Order Amish have rejected electricity, internal combustion engines, and other modern technology. This is because they want to preserve their culture.
Other culture groups are ready to adopt to and adjust to cultural changes. These groups are known as popular culture groups and change constantly over time. While popular culture replaces folk culture, it also exposes individuals to new ways of life.
After reading the chapter, revisit pages 206-7, “Geography and Public Policy: Broken Borders.” Read all nine questions under the “Considering the Issues” section. Thinking about them, provide a thoughtful response to #3: “What reason can you think of to explain why anti-immigrant sentiment is directed chiefly against unauthorized immigrants from Latin America? Will such feelings eventually fade, as did earlier ones about the immigration of Irish Catholics, Chinese, Eastern Europeans, and other groups?”
Anti-immigrant sentiment is directed mostly at illegal immigrants from Latin America for several reasons. One reason is because immigrants from Latin America, especially Mexico, are geographically closer and can more easily migrate into the country. Another is because political narratives and media sometimes spread misinformation about immigrants. In the most recent presidential debate, Trump spoke of illegal immigrants as criminals. Research has shown that illegal immigrants actually commit crimes less often than American citizens. False narratives that politicians spread have contributed widely to the general anti-immigrant sentiment against Latin Americans. Another reason is that a large number of Americans are afraid that illegal immigrants will steal their jobs. However, the textbooks states that most Latin American immigrants are unskilled workers and “…find work in agricultural fields, animal slaughtering and meat packaging facilities, construction, hotels, and gardeners” (pg. 205). It is uncommon for unskilled jobs to have much competition. Most times, illegal immigrants fill labor gaps and benefit the economy.
It's hard to say whether or not the feelings will fade similarly to the ones about the immigration of Irish Catholics, Chinese, and Eastern Europeans. The political climate is a bit different than it was when these groups immigrated because of the intense false narratives pushed by politicians and the immigrant's lack of documentation. Social media and new technology also makes it much easier than before for false information to be spread quickly. Hopefully, anti-immigrant sentiment towards Latin Americans will fade eventually. Considering that Latinos make up a large percentage of the population, it's likely that they will eventually be accepted.
