All the Drugs for Midterm 1

Question 1

what are thiazide diuretics?

Answer 1

drugs that increase water loss and have a direct vasodilatory effect

Question 2

what is the mechanism of action of thiazide diuretics?

Answer 2

they inhibit the sodium chloride cotransporter, preventing sodium reabsorption, increasing water in the urine

Question 3

a commonly used thiaziade

Answer 3

bendroflumethiazide

Question 4

what are beta blockers?

Answer 4

competitive antagonists of adrenergic receptors

Question 5

propranolol

Answer 5

non-selective beta blocker (competitive antagonist), can cause bronchospasm/vasoconstriction as a side effect of targetting beta-2 receptors

Question 6

adrenolol

Answer 6

beta-1 selective beta blocker, decreases cardiac contractions = reduces BP, minimal side effects

Question 7

carvedilol

Answer 7

non selective beta blocker which inhibits both beta and alpha receptors, has an additional effect on peripheral resistance due to alpha receptors

Question 8

amlodipine

Answer 8

blocks voltage gated Ca++ channels and prevents smooth muscle contraction

Question 9

captopril

Answer 9

ACE inhibitor: prevents the cleavage of ATI and reduces generation of ATII and aldosterone

Question 10

what are the side effects of using captopril?

Answer 10

dry cough due to bradykinin-mediated bronchoconstriction

Question 11

losartan

Answer 11

AT1 blocker (ARBs): have a vasodilatory effect, inhibiting the vasoconstrictive effects of ATII

Question 12

which is better tolerated: ACE inhibitors or ARBs?

Answer 12

ARBs

Question 13

spironolactone

Answer 13

a competitive antagonist of the aldosterone receptor, has diuretic actions by inhibiting aldosterone effects

Question 14

the primary treatment for atherosclerosis (reduction of thrombotic clots and LDL-C)

Answer 14

statins

Question 15

which enzyme do statins target?

Answer 15

HMG-CoA reductase

Question 16

competitive inhibitors of HMG-CoA reductase

Answer 16

statins

Question 17

atorvastatin (commercial name lipitor)

Answer 17

a prodrug which must be processes by first-pass metabolism in the liver, converted form is a competitive inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase

Question 18

lovastatin

Answer 18

a prodrug and a statin, converted form is a competitive inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase

Question 19

a class of drugs used to treat dislipidemias

Answer 19

fibrates

Question 20

fenofibrates

Answer 20

a type of fibrate which targets the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs)

Question 21

are fibrates agonists or antagonists of PPARs

Answer 21

agonists

Question 22

what are the important outcomes of using fibrates?

Answer 22

• increased expression of lipoprotein lipase
• increased breakdown of triglycerides in VLDLs
• increased uptake of fatty acids as fuel in peripheral tissues
• increased LDL uptake in the liver
• reduced VLDL production in the liver

Question 23

which is more effective: statins or fibrates?

Answer 23

statins

Question 24

inhibits both COX1 and COX2

Answer 24

aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

Question 25

daily NSAID use can prevent ____ in those at risk of a stroke or heart attack

Answer 25

platlet aggregation

Question 26

which site on the COX enzymes do NSAIDs inhibit?

Answer 26

the catalytic site (where arachadonic acid binds)

Question 27

acetylsalicylic acid (Aspirin)

Answer 27

a non-competitive, irreversible inhibitor, covalently binds to the catalytic site of COX1 and COX2

Question 28

what is a negative side effect of NSAID use?

Answer 28

gastric toxicity (due to inhibition of COX1 enzymes in gastric mucosa), extreme cases can lead to: ulceration, upper GI bleeding, and renal failure

Question 29

ketoralac (toradol)

Answer 29

a highly effacious non-selective NSAID recommended for short term use (ex: post-surgical) to avoid gastric toxicity

Question 30

the three most widely used topical anesthetics

Answer 30

procain, lidocaine, bupivicaine

Question 30

acetaminophen

Answer 30

an analgesic and antipyretic that inhibits COX3, lacks anti-inflammatory effects

Question 31

capsaicin

Answer 31

an agonist for the TRPV1 receptor. initial application causes burning pain, but over time causes pain relief

Question 32

is capsaicin treatment reversible?

Answer 32

yes!

Question 33

codeine

Answer 33

a mu opioid receptor agonist, acts as an antitussive

Question 34

dextromethorphan

Answer 34

a centrally active NMDA receptor antagonist which inhibits neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarus

Question 35

diphenhydramine

Answer 35

an antihistamine (H1 inverse agonist), inhibits histamine action at the H1 receptors, crosses the blood brain barrier to suppress neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarus (nTS)