All Test Science Flashcards
What does red blood cells contain
Red blood cells contain haemoglobin which contains lots of iron
What shapes do the red blood cells have and why
They have a flat concave shape which allows it to enter oxygen fast which they need to have a better gas exchange they need a bigger surface area
Why is having a flexible shape good
They can enter every part of our body
What does blood collect and why
Water oxygen and nutrients
To provide them to the cells
Why does Rae blood collect carbon dioxide and waste
To get rid of it
What are capillaries
They are the final distanition of the oxygen
How does capillaries look like
They have small holes between them and only cell walls that are thick
Vocabulary of our respiratory system
Lungs ribcage ( bones ribs and muscles - diaphragm and intericoastal
Inhale
Air gets in because it increases the size of my ribcage I create an under pressure
When inhale what happens to the diaphragm
Flattens and is contracted
Exhale
Put more pressure diaphragm rises
Aerobic respiration
Oxygen reacts with glucose to produce carbon dioxide and water and energy a lot which we need for living
Calcium
Strong teeth and bones
Nose - …
Nose throat trachea bronchi bronchioles alveoli
Diffusion
When there is any particles that are going from a high concentrated place to a low concentrated
What does the Alveoli and capillary do
Alveoli and then the capillary are taking the oxygen in and the carbon dioxide out
When you breathe in:
Your diaphragm goes down
Your intercostals muscles contract causing your ribs to expand your lungs get bigger
When you breathe out
Your diaphragm goes up your intercostal muscles relax and your ribs move inwards your lungs get smaller
Skeleton
Skull Mondible- in the mouth Neck Scapula - near the shoulders Ribs Humerus / upper arm Vertebrae bone connecting ribs Pelvis Radius - middle of arm Ulna - 1 of the bones in the arm Femur - upper leg Tibia - down leg Patella - knee
What bones does the skull protect t
The brain
Name the bones found i. Your neck
7
Describe the role of your ribs
Protecting our lungs
Common name for tibia
Shin
Name the bones that form the hip
Pelvic bone
Name the bones that form the knee
Patella
Name the bones that form the elbow
Radius
What is muscles function
Muscles move the bones and pulls on a bone when it contacts ( gets shorter and fatter)
What do you say when. A muscle is not contracted
Relaxed
Tendons function
Attach the muscles to the bones
Ligaments function
Hold the bones uma joint
What is a ball and socket joint
Joint where a ball shaped piece of bone fits into a socket made by other bones
What is the ball and socket joint movement
Everywhere
What is the hinge joint movement
Up and down
Hinge joint
Joint where two bons form a hinge
Muscles names
Muscle on the right is a biceps
In the middle it’s the upper arm bone
On the left muscle it’s the triceps
And under both it’s the lower arm bones
What is underneath the triceps
Underneath the triceps it’s the ligament
What is underneath the biceps
Underneath the biceps it’s the tendon
Antagonistic pair
To muscles that pull a bone in opposite directions
The biceps and the triceps are
Antagonist pair
To bend the elbow
Biceps …..
Triceps …
Biceps contracts
Triceps relaxe
To straighten the elbow the
The triceps contrast
Qnd biceps relax
Fractures
Broken bones
Dislocations
When’s bone comes out of a place in anoint which means that muscle cannot pull the bones in the correct directions
Pulled muscles
When a muscle or a tendon has been stretched too much
Sprains
When a ligament has been stretched too much
Your heart blood and blood vessels are all part of your
Circulatory system
The process which plant cells to release energy is called
Photosynthesis
A type of joint which allow movement in just two opposite directions
Fixed joint
When a muscles get shorter and fatter it
Contracts
Another name for the trachea is
Windpipe
Write out the word equation for aerobic respiration
Glucose reacts with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water which produces lots of energy which r need
Function of white blood cells
White blood cells are part of the body’s immune system they help the body fight infections and other diseases
What does the skeletal system do
1 allows movement
2 produces blood cells
3 protects and supports organs
Diet
Diet is what you eat and drink
Why do you need for your health
Energy growth and repair and for your health
What is a nutrient
A nutrient is any substance needed for energy or used as a raw material to make other substances
your diet should contain the following nutrients
Proteins Carbohydrates Fats Vitamins and minerals Water Fibre
Why do you need protein
For growth and repair
Why do you need carbohydrates
For energy
Why do you need fats
Used to store energy
Why do you need vitimans and minerals
For health grown and repair
Why do you need water
For dissolving and carrying substances around the body for temperature control through sweating
Why do you need fiber
Is not classed as a nutrient because it is not digested or absorbed by the body but you need it to keep your intestines healthy
Another word for fats
Lipid
A lack of fibre
Constipation your intestine become blocked
Examples of fibre
Whole meal bread . Brown or whole grain rice , cereals , lentils , nuts and fruits
Examples of protein
Meat fish Eggs Dairy products Beans
Examples of carbohydrates
Bread Beans Milk Popcorn Pasta
Examples of fats
Butter Oil Nuts Meat Fish
Examples of minerals
Cereals Bread Meat Fish Dairy Fruit specials dried
Why does our body need energy
Our body needs energy for growing moving and keeping warm
What is the unit energy is measured in
Joules (j)
Conversion kg g m um
Kg -> times 1000 g _> times 1000 mg
G Kg divide by 1000 g. Divide by 1000 -mg
Hazard
A hazard is the harm that something may cause
Risk
The chance of a hazard causing harm is a risk
Iodine solution
Stains skin and clothing
Stings if it gets in your eyes
Biuret solution
Corrosive - attacks skin
Corrosive can damage eyes
Sugar
Soluble carbohydrate which exist as small particles glucose is an example
starch is the main carbohydrate
Rice pasta potatoes and bread
What about sugar
Sugar is a carbohydrates found in sweet food which can damage your teeth
What happens if we don’t use all the carbohydrates you eat
Your body turns them run in to fat and stores Them overeating carbohydrates makes people get larger
What is a balanced diet
A balanced diet is when you eat food from many sources to get the right amounts of the different nutrients
Who needs lots of protein in their diet
Athletes body builders and young people
Why does our body use protein
Are our body use protein to make substances to build new cells , repair your body and to let you grow
Muscles are mainly
Protein
You need a …….. quantities of vitamins and minerals in your body
Small
Vítima in A
Carrots cheese eggs oily fish
Why is vitamin A good
Keeps eyes and skin healthy
Vitamins c
Lemons limes orange pineapple
Why is vitamin C good
Keeps skin and gums healthy
Vitamin D
Oily fish red meats eggs
Why is vitamin D good
Keeps bones and teeth strong
Calcium
Milk cheese
Why is calcium good
Used in bones and teeth
Iron examples food
Beans meat dark green vegetables
Why is iron A good
Used in red blood cells
Independent variables
Variables that are changed
Amount of water
Dependent variables
Variables affected by the change
Health problems caused by obisity
High bloood pressure and type 2 diabetes
Eating too much fat
Causes some blood vessels to get blocked
Why is exercise good
Exercise strengthens your muscles and bones that help you move it also strengthens your heart muscles making the heart better at pumping your blood
Drugs effect
Because fumegue affect how your body works they Amy also change how it develops
Smoking tobacco
Can damage your ciliated epithelial cells in the tubes leading the lungs which help our lungs clean in your respiratory system
Why is the cilia damage
The heat and substances of the smoke damage the cilia and paralyses them. They no longer wave and so cannot sweep up the mucus
Why is nicotine bad
Affect our brain and increases heart rate
Nicotine damages
Blood vessels and can make them more likely to be blocked
Tar is bad because
It can cause cancer which makes tissues make new cells in an uncontrollable way the new cells may form a lump called a tumour
Line graph
Graph of two variables both measured in numbers
Line of best fit
Straight or curved line drawn through the middles of the points to show the pattern of the data points
Electrons have
Negative charge
Atoms are
Neutral
Neutrons
Particles with no charge in the nucleus of an atom
Nucleus
The central part of an atom contains protons and neutrons
Positively charged particles
Protons
Opposite charges
Attract
How is the atom hoop together
Because of the positive charged protons and the negative charged electrons attract to each other
Chromatogram
The pattern of spots produced during chromatography
Soluble
Substance dissolves to form a solution
Solvent
A liquid that dissolves a soluble substance
If dues are soluble
They will dissolve in the somvent
Attraction to the solvent is high
Low
Attraction to the solvent low
High
Solution
Is a mixture of a solute and a solvent
Example of a solute
Salt it dissolves in water
Example of a solvent
Water
What do you call solutions which do not dissolve in the solvent
Insoluble
The more solvent you add the more
Concentrated the solution is
Concentration
A measurement for f how many times particles of a certain type there are in a volume of a liquid or gas
Dilute solution
Has a small number of solute particles dissolves in a large volume of solvent
A comcentrated solution
Has a lagg rg E number of solute particles dissolved in a small volume of solvent
Saturation point
When the solute can not dissolve anymore
Why does the solute dissolve
Solute sdiasolve because the solvent particles bump into the solute breaking it up into individual particles
Temperature increases the solvent
Particles have more energy so move around more this means they hit the solute mor soften and with more force
A student made a solution with a weak conecentraion
How can they make it
More concentrated
Btw ding more solute
Reactant
Substances that changes in a chemical reaction to form products
Product
Substances made during a chemical reaction
Clues to see if a chemical reaction has been made
Bubbles - this shows a gas has been made
A change in color - a new product has been made ina different color to the reactants
Change in temperature- increas or decreae
Rusting
Inert
A chemical that is unreactive
If a compound ends in - ate it means
It contains oxygen
No atoms are ever
Lost
Pure substance
Only contains one type of particles
Mixture
Contains different types of subastenaces
Pure metal
High purity
Alloy
Lower purity
Neautralisation
Chemical reaction between an add and an alkali which produces a neutral solution
Endothermic
A reaction that the system absorbs energy from its surroundings in the form of heat
Endothermic
(Takes energy from the outside) gets colder
Exothermic
A reaction that releases energy from the system in the form of heat
Exothermic
Releases energy onto the environment ( gets warmer)
Which is a substance and which are a reactant or product
Magnesium + copper oxide -> magnesium oxide + copper
Magnesium oxide. - product
Magnesium- reactant
Copper oxide - reactant
Copper - product
Magnesium + Oxygen ->
Magnesium oxide
Sodium + chlorine
Sodium chlorine
Copper + sulphur
Copper sulphide
Glucose + oxygen
Carbon dioxide + water + (energy)
Metal + water
Metal hydroxide and hydrogen
Metal + sulfuric scid
Metal sulfate = salt + hydrogen
Magnesium l + hydrochloride acid
Magnesium chloride and hydrogen
Metal + oxygen produce
Metal oxide
Apparatus to measure distance
Measuring cylinder
Tape measure
39 cm ruler
Units of distance
Mestre rule Kilometer Decimeter Millimeter Centimeter Light year
Apparatus to measure time
Sundial
Stopwatch
Stop clock
How do you investigate movement
Stopwatch
Timer
Distance
I average
Mean
Firing the average time
V = s/t V = speed S = distance T = time
Resultant force
Shows the single total force acting on an object where all the forces acting on its red added up
Balanced forces
When the resultant force is 0
Unbalanced forces
Where the is a resultant force
Upthrust
The upwards force form a liquid on an object in a liquid also applied to the upwards force on a object in a gas
Normal force
When an object touched a surface there is a force on the object at 90 degrees to the surfave ( normal to the surface
Effort
The force that you put in to move the load
Pivot
the point about which the forces turn
Distance of the pivot
This produces a larger turning effect using a loader
Calculating Turing forces
Movement = force x distance from the pivot
Calculate pressure
Force/ area
Why is it a good that cameos have such large feet
This speeds their weight over a large area and so the camels exert less pressure on the surface of the ground this makes them less likely to sink
So it is easier for them to walk
Why does vehicles that move over soft grounds have wider turned
So thy won’t sink on soft ground to drive across the three spread the weights of the vehicle over a large area this reduces the pressure on the surface caused by the vehicpe
Gas pressure
The effect caused by the forces caused by the collisions from gas particles on the walls of the container
Why is the particles in a gas so far apart and moving
Because the gas particles inside are hitting the sides the f the ballon
Gas pressure increase when
The are more particles inside the container this increase the frequency of the collision with eh sides
Increasing the temperature
Also increase ga apressure this is because the particles have more energy so they move about more quickly
