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Geo > All Stats > Flashcards

All Stats Flashcards

1
Q

Uk physical landscapes

A

Ummm well come back to this

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2
Q

Long profiles

A

Uplands - steep gradient
Further downstream the gradient is reduced as river flows from uplands to lowlands

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3
Q

Cross profiles

A

Upper course - narrow and steep sided due to vertical erosion
Middle course - wider valley floor formed by lateral erosion with gentler valley sides
Lower course- almost flat wide floodplains sediment dumped by river

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4
Q

Fluvial processes

A

Erosion
Transportation
Decomposition

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5
Q

Erosion presses

A

Hydraulic action
Abrasion
Attrition
Solution
Vertical erosion
Lateral erosion

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6
Q

Hydronic action

A

Power of flowing water to erode banks and bed
Active at foot of water falls and and the outside bends of meanders

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7
Q

Abrasion

A

Scarping or sandpapering of river bed due to rock particles being varied by river

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8
Q

Attrition

A

Gradual rounding and smoothing of rock particles as they run and knock against each other

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9
Q

Solution

A

Dissolving of soluble chemicals in water eg limestone

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10
Q

Vertie erosion

A

Downwards erosion
Upper course of river

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11
Q

Lateral erosion

A

Sidways erosion
Middle and lower course

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12
Q

Transportation prosseses

A

Traction
Saltation
Suspension
Solution

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13
Q

Traction

A

Large particles rolled along river bed by water

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14
Q

Saltation

A

Bouncing pebbles to heaving to be suspended

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15
Q

Suspension

A

Particles suspended in the water

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16
Q

Solution

A

Chemicals dissolved in the river

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17
Q

Deposition

A

Dropping of river sediment that had been transported by river
Flow conditions where velocity can no longer vary sediment
Inside bend of meander
River bed
River estuary

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18
Q

Landforms result from erosion

A

Interlocking spurs
Gorges
Waterfalls

19
Q

Interlocking spurs

A

Upper course
Finger in the land on the slide of mountains
ReIstant hard rock on top softer below
Undercutting
Overhang collapses

20
Q

Gorges

A

Upstream retreat of a water fall
Erosion undercuts hard rock, forming the waterfall, increasing overhang
Eventually, the overhang collapses into the plunge pool and the waterfall, retreats upstream

21
Q

Waterfalls

A

Typically, fast flowing water plummet over vertical cliff into a plunge pool, hydraulic action and abrasion erode to the plunge pool, where water flows over a hard resistant band of rock that it is unable to erOde

22
Q

Landforms as a , result from erosion and deposition

A

Meanders
Oxbow lakes

23
Q

Meanders

A

Middle to lower course
The fastest velocity swings around the outside bend of a meander eroding, the bike to form a river cliff. What is deep on the inside of the bin put the velocity is lower deposition occurs for me a slip of sleep.

24
Q

Oxbow lakes

A

Meander bends that have been cut off
Neck of meander get narrower from erosion in both side
Neck is broken
River now flows through shorter route
Deposition occurs cutting off meander

25
Q

Landforms result from deposition

A

Levee’s
Easturies
floodplains

26
Q

Levees

A

Raised river banks
Formed during flood conditions
As water overtops the river banks sudden reduction in velocity
Sediment to be deposited on the bank
Raises the river banks

27
Q

Floodplains

A

Middle to lower course
During a flood water containing large quantities of silt pours over flat valley floor
Water slowly soaks away leaving deposited sediment
Become wider due to lateral erosion of meanders

28
Q

Estuaries

A

Formed at river mouths
Extensive deposits of mud forming mud flats and salt marshes
Incoming sea water flows up the river when it meets the river water velocity decreases resulting in deposition
Over time break the water to form mudflats
Vegetation to fo slatats

29
Q

Example of a uk river valley

A

River tees

30
Q

Physical factors effecting flood risk

A

Precipitation-saturates soils
Geology impermeable rock
Steep slopes water travels fast

31
Q

Human factors affecting flood risk

A

Farming- bare soils can transfer water quickly - ploughing down slopes creates runnels
Urbanisation - impermeable concrete and tarmac lack of vegetation
Deforestation- removes umbrella effect

32
Q

Hydrography

A

Response of River discharge to a rainfall event
Use them to predict floods
Look into it more Evelyn u don’t understand this

33
Q

Hard engineering strategies

A

Dams and reservoirs
Channel straightening
Embankments
Flood relief channels

34
Q

Dams and reservoirs

A

Concrete or earth times that can be used to control river flow
Hi economic costs lots of farmland and buildings. Social costs include displacement of people can affect migrating fish habitats destroyed

35
Q

Channel straightening

A

Cutting of meanders to create a more efficient channel, better suited to the rapper transfer of water
Increases flood risk downstream can be expensive and high maintenance habitats, affected active effective at speeding up water navigation to be improved

36
Q

Embankments

A

Riverbanks can be raised artificially
Can be expensive look at first and attractive and lead to serious flooding
Reduces flood risk creates walkways new habitat

37
Q

Flood relief channels

A

New channels contracted
Can be very expensive, regular maintenance, habits disturbed and unattractive
New opportunities for recreation, a new habitats created

38
Q

Soft engineering strategies

A

Flood warnings
Floodplain zoning
Planting trees
River restoration

39
Q

Flood warnings

A

Rivers constantly monitored to predict possible floods
Needs monitoring equipment people may not respond appropriately
Sustainable ensure safety without high costs

40
Q

Floodplain zoning

A

Local planning to a straight land use in high-risk areas
Restricts, economic development, hot, implement current housing, shortages, habitats, destroyed
Low cost, protects and concise watermeadows reduces insurance cost

41
Q

Planting trees

A

A forestation increases the interception of precipitation
Can reduce habitat loss of potential farmland
Can create new habitats, natural method helps absorb carbon

42
Q

River restoration

A

Restoring street and channels to the previous meandering pattern slows down water flow
Can be expensive, changing land-use some flooding will occur
Recreate a natural, attractive environment, restores, wetland areas

43
Q

An example of a flood management scheme in the UK

A

Geo (9 decks)

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