All Questions 401-600 Flashcards
Type 1 RTA (distal)
H secretion. Low K. pH > 5.3. Rx: HCO2 + K. Hereditary, amphotericin, collagen vascular disease, cirrhosis, nephrocalcinosis.
Type 2 RTA (proximal)
Bicarb reabsorption. Low K. pH < 5.3. Rx: HCO3 + K + thiazide. Hereditary, sulfonamides, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, Fanconi syndromes.
Type 4 RTA (distal)
Aldosterone defiency. High K. pH < 5.3. Rx: Fludrocortisone, K restriction, HCO3. Hyporeninemic with diabetes, HTN, or chronic interstitial nephritis; aldosterone resistance.
Hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis (no anion gap)?
Diarrhea, RTA, spironolactone/acetazolamide, TPN
Respiratory acidosis?
Foreign body, pneumothorax, flail chest, hypoventilation d/t sedatives/narcs, obstructive/restrictive pulmonary disease, pleural effusion.
Metabolic alkalosis?
NaCl responsive = vomiting, villous adenoma, contraction alkalosis, diuretics. Rx IVF + K. Not NaCl responsive = Conn’s & Cushing’s, adrenal hyperplasia, licorice, Bartter’s syndrome. Rx: KCl and spironolactone or acetazolimide (enhance HCO3 excretion)
Respiratory alkalosis?
Hyperventilation (anxiety/pain), CVA, head trauma, asthma, PE, CHF, pneumonia, pregnancy, hepatic insufficiency, ASA toxicity, thyrotoxicosis, mechanical ventilation. Rx = treat underlying cause.
Hyponatremia?
High osmolality = hyperglycemia or hypertonic infusion. Normal osmolality = Pseudohyponatremia, hyperlipidema, hyperproteinemia. Low osmolality = hypotonic hyponatremia.
Hypotonic hyponatremia?
Check FeNa: > or < 1%.
Hypotonic hyponatremia with FeNa >1%.
Hypervolemic = renal failure; Euvolemic = SIADH, hypothyroidism, renal failure, drugs; Hypovolemic = diuretics, RTA, adrenal insufficiency, ACE inhibitors.
Hypotonic hyponatremia with FeNa <1%.
Hypervolemia = nephrosis, CHF, cirrhosis; Euvolemic = polydipsia; Hypovolemic = vomiting, diarrhea, third spacing, dehydration.
Treatment fo hypotonic hyponatremia?
Hypervolemic = salt & water restrict; Euvolemic = salt & water restrict; Hypovolemic = normal saline.
Hyperkalemia signs and symptoms?
Intestinal colic, areflexia, weakness, peaked T wave, prolonged QRS and PR, low P.
Causes of hyperkalemia?
Cellular shifts: (tissue injury, acidosis, insulin deficiency, drugs including succinylcholine, digitalis, beta-agonists, arginine); Decreased excretion: renal insufficiency, drugs (spirlonolactone, triamterene, ACE-I, trimethoprim, NSAIDs), mineralocorticoid deficiency; Iatrogenic and spurious: hemolysis, fist clenching, leukocytosis, thrombocytosis.
Treatment of hyperkalemia?
C BIG K = Calcium gluconate (cardiac membrane stabilization); Bicarb, Insulin, Glucose; Kayexalate and loop diuretics (furosemide).
Hypokalemia symptoms?
muscle weakness, cramps, ileus, hyporeflexia, parasthesias, flaccid paralysis.
Causes of hypokalemia?
Transcellular redistribution (alkalosis, insulin excess, beta-adrenergic agonists, hypokalemic peridodic paralysis, pseudohypokalemia), potassium depletion
Linear calcification on x-ray of the knee?
Pseudogout. Positive birefringent crystals. Associated with hemachromatosis.
58yo F with long history of RA develops splenomegaly and leukopenia.
Felty’s syndrome.
meningococcemia
septic shock, pustules, organisms on gram stain
gonnococcemia
prositutes, urethritis, joint pain with effusion
typhoid fever
poor sanitation, prolonged fever, constipation, bradycardia, rose spots
staph sepsis
vesicles and bullae, IVDA
vibrio vulnificus
raw seafood, lesions on legs > arms, cirrhotics most susceptible
folliculitis
hot tubs: pseudomonas; swimmer’s itch: schistosomes
streptococcal infection
scarlet fever: sandpaper texture of rash, cellulitis, palms peeling
staph
Toxic shock = palmar desquamation
rocky mountain spotted fever
ascending purpuritic rash on palms and soles
HIV
maculopapular rash, viral syndrome
Diagnosis of amyloidosis?
Biopsy of abdominal fat pat or rectal biopsy.
ATPW hypocalcemia?
Serum Ca and Mg. Serum PTH, 25 and 1,25-D, phosphate, Cl, creatinine, amylase & lipase. Obtain EKG to look for prolonged QT.
Causes of hypocalcemia?
HIPOCAL: Hypo-PTH, Infection, Pancreatitis, Overload (rapid IV volume expansion), Chronic renal failure, Absorption abnormality, Loop diuretics.
Causes of hypercalcemia?
MISHAP-F: Meds/malignancy, Intox (vit D or A) or Immobilization, Sarcoidosis, Hyper-PTH or Hyperthyroid, Addison’s or milk-Alkali, Paget’s or Pheochromctoma. Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (benign autosomal dominant condition)
Symptoms of hypercalcemia?
abdominal moan, psychiatric groan, kidney stone, and urination zone.
Most common cause of hypercalcemia?
malignancy or hyperparathyroidism.
Sideffect of lithium?
Hyperparathyroidism: alters setpoint for PTH secretion.
Thiazide diuretic sideffect?
hypercalcemia d/t increased renal reabsorption.
PTH-related peptide secreting tumors?
breast, lung, renal cell
Why does sarcoid and other granulomatous disease cause hypercalcemia?
increased conversion of 25-hydroxyvitamin D to 1,25 in macrophages. Occurs in TB, berylliosis, and lymphoma.
Most common hyperparathyroidism?
Solitary adenoma > 80% of cases. Four-gland hyperplasia 10%, multiple adenomas 5%, MENI or II.
50M dilated cardiomyopathy after travel to South America
Chagas - CM–> SOB, swelling + weight gain, trypanosome cruzii, reflux + megacolon
25M midsystolic murmur, louder with Valsalva
HOCM -
65M drug for NYHA class 2 systolic dysfunction
ACE -
55F AA restrictive cardiomyopathy, arrhythmia, wheezing
Sarcoidosis -
25M CP on recumbency, diffuse 2 mm ST elevations on EKG
Pericarditis - Most commonly viral
58M hyperlipidemia, diffuse weakness
Statin induced myopathy - increased CPK, LDH, aldolase, maybe AST and ALT
70 M orthopnea, PND, BP 160/90, HR 110, crackles, sinus tach, LVH, normal EF, what drugs to give?
diuretic, B blocker, Ca blocker - stiff LV with normal EF is diastolic dysfunction, from long standing HTN
72F CHF, EF 25%, blurry yellow vision
dig toxicity -
45M a fib, hospitalized, sudden SOB, afebrile, HR 110, RR 28, BP 95/60, new R axis deviation and RBBB
PE - Most common EKG with PE is sinus tach, classic is R axis deviation, S1 Q3 T3
25M hepatitis C, develops CHF, what hx?
IV drug use, HIV -
30W 34 weeks pregnant, tearing sensation in chest radiates to back
aortic dissection - secondary to HTN
58M hx of v tach, on meds, develops SOB, fatigue, and cold intolerance
amiodorone - check PFTs, TFTs, and LFTs for patients on amiodorone
25M intermittent palpitations, baseline ECG his wide QRS and short PR
WPW - delta wave, early contraction of ventricle
45F palpitations, HR 190, narrow QRS, no P waves
SVT -
80M chest pain, 3/6 harsh murmur at RUSB, diagnosis and other sx?
Aortic stenosis - assoc with angina (35-50%), syncope, and HF, delayed carotid upstroke, soft S2, S4, may reflect to mitral area- Gallavardin’s phenom
36 IV drugs LLSB systolic murmur, louder with inspiration, what wave most prominent in JVP
v wave - tricuspid regurgitation
58F decrescendo diastolic murmur LSB, uvula pulsations, wide pulse pressure
aortic insufficiency -
70M ST elevation in 2,3,avf, what additional ECG analysis?
R sided EKG for RV infarcts -
35F Raynaud’s, GERD, increasing DOE
pulm HTN 2ndary to CREST -
55F diabetes, arthritis, cirrhosis, arrhythmia, runs in family
hemochromatosis -
30 fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance
hypothyroid -
40F obesity, HTN, new hyperglycemia
metabolic syndrome -
60F hypercalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, health food junkie
vitamin D toxicity -
50 HTN, tachycardia, flushing
pheochromocytoma - HTN may be intermittent
65M diarrhea, weight loss, a fib
hyperthyroid -
60M fasting blood sugar 130 on 2 different ocassions
diabetes - fbs>126 two times
60M galactorrhea
prolactinoma -
50M thyroid ca and neurofibromas
MEN 2b - also includes pheo, MEN2a= thyroid, parathyroid, pheo, MEN1= parathyroid, pancreatic, pituitary
75 hypercalcemia, long tobacco hx
squamous cell lung ca -
18F hypoglycemia, mom has DM2
factitious -
40F proptosis and palpitations
Graves -
30F has 8 month old, increased fatigue
postpartum thyroiditis -
50F hypokalemia, HTN
Conns - aka primary hyperaldo
25F hirsutism, amenorrhea
polycystic ovarian dz -
55M bilat visual field loss, headache
pituitary tumor -
60M meningococcemia, severe hypotension and hyperkalemia
Waterhouse Friderichsen - due to meningococcemia, hemorrhage into adrenal glands
35M wheezing while working on assembly line
occupational asthma -
65M heavy tobacco, sputum each morning for 3 months each year
chronic bronchitis -
55M, thin smokes 1ppd, pursed lip breathing
emphysema -
45M large bullae at bases on CXR, fam hx of lung dz
alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency -