All Equations Flashcards
1
Q
Final Velocity (vf) =
A
vf = vo + at
1
Q
Conservation of Momentum for Inelastic and Completely Elastic Collisions =
A
mavai + mbvbi = mavaf + mbvbf
1
Q
Celsius to Kelvin Conversion =
A
Tc = Tk - 273
1
Q
Equation to determine the angular frequency (ω) of a spring:
A
ω = 2πf = √(k/m)
where m is the mass of the object
1
Q
Equation to determine the beat frequency:
A
fbeat = |f1 - f2|
1
Q
Equation to determine pressure:
A
P = F/A
where F is the normal force and A is the area; a scalar quantity; units = Pa = N/m2
1
Q
Equation to determine the buoyant force on a floating object:
A
Fbuoy = (Vfluid displaced)(pfluid)(g) = weight of the object
units = (kg)(m/s2)
2
Q
Speed of light in a vacuum (c) =
A
3.8 X 108 m/s
3
Q
Equation to determine the peak wavelength emitted by an object at a given temperature (Wien’s Displacement Law):
A
(λpeak)(T) = constant = 2.9 X 10-3 m•K
4
Q
Equation to determine the critical velocity (Vc) of a fluid flowing through a tube:
A
vc = NRη/ρD
where NR is a given constant; η is the viscosity of the fluid, ρ is the density of the fluid, and D is the diameter of the tube
units = m/s
5
Q
Force of Static Friction (fs) =
A
0 ≤ fs ≤ usN
6
Q
Equation to determine the buoyant force on a fully submerged object:
A
Fbuoy = (Vobject submerged)(pfluid)(g)
units = (kg)(m/s2)
7
Q
Electrostatics F, U, E, and V grid
A
8
Q
Equation to determine Young’s Modulus (perpendicular application of force):
A
Y = (F/A) / (∆L/L)
it gives the change in length of a solid when a pressure is applied perpendicularly to it (compression or stretching)
9
Q
Equation to determine the period (T) of a pendulum:
A
T = 2π√(<span>L</span>/<span>g</span>)
10
Q
Gamma decay is :
A
the emission of a gamma photon. The energy of the parent nucleus is lowered, but the mass and atomic number remain the same.
11
Q
Equation to determine the position of minima on the screen in a double slit experiment:
A
dsinθ = (m + 1/2)λ (m = 0, 1, 2, …)
where d is the distance between the slits, θ is the angle between the center of the slits and the maxima, λ is the wavelength of the light, and m is the integer representing the order
USE SMALL ANGLE APPROXIMATION
SINθ **≈ **TANθ
12
Q
Equation to determine the wavelength of standing waves for closed pipes:
A
λ = 4L/n
where L is the length of the closed pipe and n is the number of nodes
13
Q
Coulomb’s Law (F) =
A
F = kq1q2/ r2
(k = 9 X 109)
[gives the force two charges exert on one another]
13
Q
Final Velocity Squared (Vf2) =
A
vf2 = vo2 + 2a(Δx)
13
Q
Centripetal Force =
A
F = mv2/r
13
Q
Change in volume of a fluid or object subjected to a change in temperature (ΔV) =
A
ΔV = βVΔT
(β = 3α = a constant)
13
Q
When PE is converted to KE completely, velocity (v) =
A
v = √ 2gh
13
Q
1/5 =
A
.2
13
Equation used to determine the drop in electric potential across a resistor:
V = iR
Ohm's Law
13
Equation to determine the total voltage drop across multiple resistors in a series:
Vs = V1 + V2 + V3 + V4 + ...
13
When n identical resistors are wired in parallel, the total resistance is given by the equation:
R/n
13
The equations for voltage, resistance, and capacitance in parallel:
Vp = V1 = V2 = V3 ...
1/Rp = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 ...
Cp = C1 + C2 + C3 + ...
13
Equation to determine the intensity of a wave:
I = P/A
where P is the power and A is the surface area of the object the wave comes in contact with
13
Equation to determine the new sound level after the intensity of a sound is changed by some factor:
Bf = Bi + 10log(If/Ii)
where (If/Ii) is the ratio of the final intensity to the initial intensity
13
Equation to determine the weight of any volume of a given substance:
W = ρVg
where p is the density and V is the volume of the substance
14
Equation to determine the change in energy of an electron due to absorption or emission of a photon:
hf = |∆E|
units = joules
15
Torque (t) experience by an electric dipole =
t = (qd)EsinØ
| (E = electric field)
16
Positron decay is:
when a proton splits into a positron (β+) and a neutron. A proton is lost and the mass number remains the same.
17
Equation to determine the focal length in lenses where thickness cannot be ignored:
1/f = (n-1)(1/r1 - 1/r2)
where n is the index of refraction of the lens material, r1 is the radius of the curvature of the first lens surface, and r2 is the radius of curvature of the second lens surface
18
Equation used to determine the increase in capacitance due to a dielectric material:
C' = CK
where C is the original capacitance and K is the dielectric constant of the material
19
Electric Field (E) =
E = F/qo = kq1/r2
(k = 9 X 109)
[E = the electric field produced by a source charge (q1) at a chosen point in space. F is the force felt by the test charge (qo) when put into the electric field.]
20
Total Mechanical Energy (E) =
E = PE + KE
| (Constant in a conservative system)
21
Equation to determine the total voltage across multiple capacitors in parallel:
Vp = V1 = V2 = V3 = V4 + ...
22
Equation to find the degree of refraction of a light ray upon entering a new medium:
n1sinθ1 = n2sinθ2
theta is always measured with respect to the perpendicular to the boundary
23
Equation to determine gauge pressure:
Pg = P - Patm = (Po + ρgh) - Patm
units = Pa
25
Equation to determine the total voltage across multiple capacitors in series:
Vs = V1 + V2 + V3 + V4 + ...
26
1/8 =
.125
26
Equation to determine the total voltage drop across multiple resistors in parallel:
Vp = V1 = V2 = V3 = V4 ...
27
Center of Mass (x) =
x = (m1x1 + m2x2 + m3x3) / (m1 + m2 + m3)
28
For a plane mirror, the mirror equation becomes:
1/o + 1/i = 0
because at any time the object is at the focal point, the reflected rays will be parallels and the image will be at infinity
29
Displacement (Δx) =
[3 equations]
Δx = vot + 1/2at2
Δx = vft - 1/2at2
Δx = v/t
30
Equation to determine the resistance of a given resistor:
R = pL/A
where p is the resistivity, R is the resistance, L is the length of the resistor, and A is the cross-sectional area of the resistor
31
Acceleration (a) =
a = Δv/Δt
32
Gravitational Force =
F = Gm1m2 / r2
| (G = 6.67 X 10-11)
33
Change in entropy of a system at a given temperature (ΔS) =
ΔS = Q/T
(Q = heat gained or lost)
(T = temperature in Kelvin)
(Entropy = how much energy is spread out)
34
Bernouli's equation (an expression of conservation of energy for a flowing fluid):
P1 + 1/2ρv12 + ρgy1 = P2 + 1/2ρv22 + ρgy2
35
Force of Kinetic Friction (fk) =
fk = ukN
36
Force (F) =
F = ma
37
Equation to determine Shear Modulus (parallel application of force):
S = (F/A) / (x/h)
where x is the lateral displacement and h is the vertical displacement
38
Kinetic Energy (KE) =
KE = 1/2mv2
39
Change in length of an object subjected to a change in temperature (ΔL) =
ΔL = αLΔT
| (α = a constant)
40
Density equation:
p = m/v
a scalar quantity; units = kg/m3 or g/mL or g/cm3
41
Equation to determine the speed (f) of a wave =
v = fλ = ω/k = λ/T
42
Work-Energy Theorem
Wnet = ΔKE = KEf - KEi
43
√ 2 =
1.4
44
Electrical potential difference between two points in space =
Vb - Va = Wab/qo
(Wab is the work needed to move a test charge qo through an electric field from a to b)
45
Equation to determine the mass lost as binding energy in a nucleus:
**E = mc2**
where m is the mass of c is the speed of light
46
Equation to determine the frequency (f) of a pendulum:
f = 1/T or ω/2π
47
1/6 =
.167
48
Magnitude of the magnetic field produced by a straight current-carrying wire at a chosen point in space (B) =
B = uo*i* / 2πr
| (uo = 4π X 10-7 Tesla)
49
Potential Energy (PE) =
PE = mgh
49
Efficiency =
Efficiency = Wout / Win
= (load)(load distance) / (effort)(effort distance)
49
Change in the total internal energy of a system undergoing a thermodynamic process (ΔU) =
ΔU = Q - W
(Q = heat; heat flow in is positive)
(W = work done by the system)
49
The equations for voltage, resistance, and capacitance in series:
Vs = V1 + V2 + V3 ...
Rs = R1 + R2 + R3 ...
1/Cs = 1/C1 + 1/C2 + 1/C3
50
Equation to estimate the energy of an electron with a given quantum number (n) in electron-volts (eV):
En = - 13.6 eV/n2
51
Equation to determine the perceived frequency from the Doppler Effect:
When the detector is moving toward the source, use the top sign in the top row.
When the source is moving toward the detector, use the minus sign in the bottom row.
52
Equation to determine the period (T) of a spring:
T= 2π√(m/k)
54
Equation to determine the frequency (f) of a spring:
f = 1/T or ω/2π
55
1/7 =
.14
56
Work done on or by a system that undergoes a change in volume at constant pressure (W) =
W = PΔV
| (P = pressure)
57
The Work Function is:
the minimum energy required to eject an electron and is related to the threshold frequency of a given metal:
## Footnote
**W = hft**
59
Power (P) =
P = Fv = W/t = energy/time
| (W = work; units = Watts)
61
Magnetic force on a moving charge in an external magnetic field (F) =
F = qvBsinØ
(q = charge; v = velocity; B = magnitude of magnetic field)
62
Equation to determine the power dissipated by a resistor:
P = iV = i2R = V2/R
where i is the current through the resistor, V is the voltage drop across the resistor, and R is the resistance of the resistor
63
Equation to determine the angular frequency (ω) of a pendulum:
ω = 2πf = √(g/L)
where L is the length of the pendulum
65
Units of Pressure Conversions
1 atm = 760 torr = 760 mm Hg = 101.3 kPa
66
Equation to determine the resultant capacitance across multiple capacitors in series:
1/Cs = 1/C1 + 1/C2 + 1/C3 + ..
67
Equation to determine the electric field at a point in space between the plates of a parallel plate capacitor:
E = V/d
where V is the volatage applied across the plates and d is the separation between the plates
69
Equation to estimate the average magnitude of alternating current over time:
irms = imax / √2
where imax is the maximum current and irms is the average current
71
Equation to determine object distance (o), image distance (i), focal length (f), and magnification (m) for lenses:
1/o + 1/i = 1/f
m = -i/o
72
Conservation of Momentum for Completely Inelastic Collisions =
mavai + mbvbi = (ma + mb)vf
73
Equation to determine Bulk modulus (chage in volume due to pressure):
B = (F/A) / (∆V/V)
where V is volume
74
Equation of Pascal's principle for incompressible fluids in containers:
P = F1/A1 = F2/A2
V = A1d1 = A2d2
W = F1d1 = F2d2
76
Equation to determine the resultant resistance of multiple resistors in parallel:
1/Rp = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 + ...
77
Equation to determine the frequency of a standing wave for closed pipes:
f = nv/4L
where n is the number of nodes and L is the length of the closed pipe
78
Work (W) =
W = FdcosØ
80
Equation to determine the position of maxima on the screen in a double slit experiment:
dsinθ = mλ (m = 0, 1, 2, ...)
where d is the distance between the slits, θ is the angle between the center of the slits and the maxima, λ is the wavelength of the light, and m is the integer representing the order
**USE SMALL ANGLE APPROXIMATION:**
**SINθ ≈ TANθ**
81
Equation to determine the magnification of a system of lenses not in contact:
M = (m1)(m2)(m3)...
82
Heat gained or lost by an object subjected to a change in phase (Q) =
Q = mL
(m = mass; L = heat of transformation)
82
Equation to estimate the average magnitude of AC voltage over one period:
Vrms = Vmax / √2
where Vmax is the maximum voltage and Vrms is the average voltage
83
Impulse (I) =
I = Ft = Δp = mvf - mvi
85
Electric potential (V) due to a dipole =
V = (kqd/r2)cosØ
| (k = 9 X 109)
86
Lenses in contact definition and equation:
a series of lenses with negligible distances between them (contact lenses). They behave as a single lens.
1/f = 1/f1 + 1/f2 + 1/f3 + ...
P = P1 + P2 + P3 + ...
88
Air Resistance Equation
f = kv2
89
Equation to determine the resultant capacitance across multiple capacitors in parallel:
Cp = C1 + C2 + C3 + C4 + ...
90
1/9 =
.11
91
Equation to determine the frequency of a standing wave for strings and open pipes:
f = nv/2L
where n is the number of nodes and L is the length of the string or pipe.
92
Equation for exponential decay:
***n* = *n*oe-λt**
93
The continuity equation:
v1A1 = v2A2 = constant (the rate of flow)
94
Law of Reflection equation:
θ1 = θ2
where θ1 is the incident angle and θ2 is the reflected angle
the angles are always measured from normal (a line perpendicular to the surface of the medium)
95
Weight =
Weight = mg
97
Equation to estimate the energy of an electron with a given quantum number (n) in joules:
E = - Rh/n2
where R is Rydberg's constant and n is the quantum level
98
Beta decay is:
Loss of an electron (e- or β-). Emitted when a neutron in the nucleus decays into a proton and an antineutrino (β-). A neutron is lost and a proton takes its place. Mass number remains the same and atomic number increases by one.
99
The magnitude of a dipole moment (p) =
p = qd
(q = charge magnitude; d = distance between chrages of dipole)
100
Equation for the instantaneous current of an alternating current:
***i*** = imaxsin(2πft) = imaxsin(ωt)
where ***i*** is the instantaneous current, imax is the maximum current, f is the frequency, and ω is the angular frequency
101
Equation to determine the location of dark fringes due to single-slit diffraction with a lens:
asinθ = nλ (n = 1, 2, 3,...)
where a is the width of the slit, lambda is the wavelength of the incident wave, and theta is the angle made by the line drawn from the center of the lens to the dark fringe and the line perpendicular to the screen
103
Equation to determine the wavelength of standing waves for strings and open pipes:
λ = 2L/n
where L is the length of the string or pipe and n is the number of antinodes.
104
√ 3 =
1.7
106
Electric Potential (V) =
V = W/qo = Ed = kq1/r
(q1 = source charge; W = work; k = 9 X 109)
107
Mechanical Advantage =
= forceout / forcein
109
Total electric field at a given point in space (Etotal) =
Etotal = Eq1 + Eq2 + Eq3 ...
110
Equation to determine the total energy emitted by a blackbody (Stefan-Boltzmann Law):
ET = σT4
where σ is a constant, T is the temperature, and ET is the total energy emitted per unit of area
units = W/m2
112
Equation to determine the energy of a photon:
E = hf
where h is Planck's constant and f is the frequency of the light. Once you know the frequency, you can find the wavelength using:
λ = c / f
113
Electrical Potential Energy (U) =
U = W = qEd = q1ΔV = kq1q2/r
(W = work; V = electric potential; k = 9 X 109)
114
Equation to determine the index of refraction:
n = c/v
where c is the speed of light in a vacuum (3.8 X 108), v is the speed of light in the given medium, and n is the index of refraction
116
Velocity (v) =
v = Δx/Δt
117
Gravity on Earth (g) =
g = Gme/re2
118
Average Velocity (v)=
v = (vo + vf) / 2
119
Equation to determine the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor:
C = εo (A/d)
where εo is 8.85 X 10-12, A is the area of overlap of the two plates, and d is the separation of the two plates
120
Equation to determine the potential energy of a spring:
PE = 1/2kx2
121
Equation to determine the critical angle:
derived from Snell's Law
sinθc = n2 / n1
122
Equation to determine the potential energy stored in a capacitor:
U = 1/2CV2
where C is the capacitance of the capacitor and V is the voltage applied
123
Equation to find the magnification of an image for both mirrors and lenses:
m = - i/o
where o is the distance of the object from the mirror and i is the distance of the image from the mirror or lens
if the absolute value of m is less than 1, the image is reduced
if the absolute value of m is greater than 1, the object is enlarged
124
Equation to determine the actual voltage supplied by a cell to a circuit:
V = εcell - irint
where i is the current, rint is the internal resistance of the material, and εcell is the emf of the cell
125
Equation to determine the change in energy of an electron due to absorption or emission of a photon:
∆E = Ef - Ei
(both of these values will always be negative; if ∆E is negative, their was an emission of energy and the electron came down states)
units = joules
126
Equation to determine the maximum kinetic energy of an electron ejected by an incident photon:
Kmax = hf - W
where W is the work function of the metal in question
**W = hft**
127
Equation to find the wavelength of a photon:
λ = c/f
where c = 3 X 108
129
Equation to determine the resultant resistance of multiple resistors in a series:
Rs = R1 + R2 + R3 + R4 + ...
130
Isotopic notation:
immediately left to the chemical symbol, the mass number and atomic number can be read top to bottom, respectively.
132
Area of a piston:
πr2
| (the surface of a piston is circular)
133
Equation to determine absolute pressure:
P = Po + ρgh
where P is the absolute pressure, Po is the pressure at the surface, and ρgh is (density fluid above)(gravity)(height of submerged object below surface)
units = N/m2
134
Magnitude of the magnetic field produced by a circular loop of current-carrying wire at the center of the loop (B) =
B = uo*i* / 2r
| (uo = 4π X 10-7 Tesla)
135
Total electric current passing through a conductor per unit of time (*i*) =
*i* = Δq/Δt
| (q = charge)
136
Equation to determine the wavelength or frequency of light traveling in air or a vacuum:
c = fλ
where c is the speed of light and is equal to 3 X 108;
units = m/s
138
Equation to determine the capacitance of a capacitor:
C = Q/V
where Q is the absolute value of the charge and V is the voltage applied
139
Alpha decay is:
Loss of a 4-He nucleus (2 protons and 2 neutrons). Mass number decreases by 4 and atomic number decreases by 2.
140
SI unit of viscosity:
(N)(s/m2)
141
Electron capture is:
When a radionuclide captures an inner electron that combines with a proton to form a neutron. Atomic number is one less and mass number remains the same.
142
Torque (t) =
t = rFsinØ
CCW = (+)
CW = (-)
143
Equation to determine the object or image distance from a mirror, focal length, or radius of curvature:
1/o + 1/i = 1/f = 2/r
where o is the distance of the object from the mirror, i is the distance of the image from the mirror, f is the distance from the focal point to the mirror (focal length), and r is the distance between the center of curvature and the mirror (for spherical mirrors)
units = m-1
144
Equation to determine the restoring force of a pendulum:
F = -mgsinØ
where Ø is the angle between the pendulum arm and the vertical
145
Conservation of Kinetic Energy =
1/2mavai2 + 1/2mbvbi2 = 1/2mavaf2 + 1/2mbvbf2
(Completely elastic collisions only)
147
Equation to determine the sound level (B):
B = 10log(I/Io)
where Io is 1 X 10-12 (the threshold of hearing)
148
Equation to determine the restoring force of a spring (Hooke's Law):
F = -kx
where k is the spring constant and x is the displacement of the spring from its equilibrium length
150
Magnetic force on a current-carrying wire in a uniform external magnetic field (F) =
F = *i*LBsinØ
(*i* = current; L = length of wire; B = magnitude of magnetic field)
151
Centripetal Acceleration =
a = v2/r
152
Electric field (E) due to a dipole =
E = kqd/r3
(k = 9 X 109)
153
For spherical mirrors, what does the focal length (f) equal?
f = r/2
154
Momentum (p) =
p = mv
155
Density of water:
1,000 kg/m3 or 1 g/cm3
156
Heat gained or lost by a substance subjected to a change in temperature (Q) =
Q = mcΔT
| (m = mass; c = specific heat)
157
1 Tesla = ? gauss
104 gauss
| (1 gauss = 1 X 10-4 Tesla)
158
Half-life is:
the amount of time required for half of a sample of radioactive nuclei to decay
## Footnote
**T1/2 = 0.693/λ**
