ALL CARDS_2 Flashcards
1
Q
Construct validity
A
Whether a tool is measuring what it is intended to measure
2
Q
Regression to the mean
A
If the first measurement is extreme, second measurement will be closer to the mean
3
Q
Operationalization
A
Approximating the true variables of interests with one that can be measured or tabulated
4
Q
Random error
A
Error that is due to chance and is not standardized. Decreases precision.
5
Q
Systematic error
A
Error that shifts all measurements in a standardized way. Decreases accuracy. Can result in bias
6
Q
Observer bias
A
When an observer intentionally/unintentionally records a distorted measurement
7
Q
Instrument bias
A
Errors due to systematic malfunctioning of a mechanical instrument
8
Q
Subject bias
A
When a study participate intentionally/unintentionally reports distorted measurements
9
Q
Sensorimotor stage
A
1st stage of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development
- Ages 0-2 years
- Children learn to separate themselves from the world
- Object permanence is learned here
10
Q
Pre operational stage
A
2nd stage of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development
- Ages 2-7 years
- Children learn to use language
- Children think literally and egocentrically here–> unable to take on perspective of others
11
Q
Concrete Operational stage
A
3rd stage of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development
- Ages 7-11 years
- Children develop inductive reasoning
- Children learn about conservation of mass
12
Q
Formal Operational stage
A
4th stage of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development
- Ages 11+
- Children develop deductive reasoning
- Children start to think theoretically and philosophically
- Children can begin to develop post-conventional moral reasoning (Kohlberg’s theory!)
13
Q
Trust vs Mistrust
A
Erikson psychosocial crisis resolved in the first year of life. Ability to trust.
14
Q
Autonomy vs shame/doubt
A
Erikson psychosocial crisis resolved in the second year of life. Ability to self-care.
15
Q
Initiative vs guilt
A
- Erikson psychosocial crisis
- Resolved in age 3-6 years
- Ability to carry out a plan
16
Q
Industry vs inferiority
A
- Erikson psychosocial crisis
- Resolved age 7-12 years
- Ability to learn new tasks
17
Q
Identity vs role confusion
A
- Erikson psychosocial crisis
- Resolved in adolescence
- Ability to form a stable identity
18
Q
Intimacy vs isolation
A
- Erikson psychosocial crisis
- Resolved in young adulthood
- Ability to form relationships with others
19
Q
Generativity vs stagnation
A
- Erikson psychosocial crisis
- Resolved in middle adulthood
- Ability to put energy into others
20
Q
Integrity vs despair
A
- Erikson psychosocial crisis
- Resolved in mature adulthood
- Determining how well one has lived
21
Q
Myopia
A
Nearsightedness
22
Q
Hyperopia
A
Farsightedness
23
Q
Presbyopia
A
Inability to accommodate the lens of the eye. Normal part of age.
24
Q
The primary sense of humans is:
A
vision
25
Feature detection theory
We activate different areas of the brain when looking at different features of an image. Allows for parallel processing of a visual stimulus.
26
Shadowing
Technique where a participant is asked to repeat a word or phrase immediately after its heard
27
Linguistic information is lateralized in the:
Left hemisphere
28
What aspect of cognition is unaffected by aging?
Capacity for retrieving general information
29
Proximal stimuli
Patterns of stimuli from objects and events that actually reach your senses
30
Distal stimuli
Objects and events out in the world around you
31
Context effects
Describes how the context in which a stimulus occurs can contribute to how people perceive that stimulus
32
Intersectionality
Overlapping of social categories such as race, class, gender as they apply to a given individual or group. Creates interdependent systems of discrimination/disadvantage
33
The looking glass self
How we see ourselves does not come from who we really are, but rather from how we believe others see us
34
George Herbert Mead's I vs Me
- Description of a restricted influence of other people on our perceptions of self
- Generalized other: society as a whole and its expectations on an individual
- Me: our social self (how we believe society sees us)
- I: response to the social self (our personal responses to what society thinks)
- Our actual self balances the I and the Me
35
3 Stages of Self Consciousness Development
- Prepatory stage--> imitation of others
- Play stage--> pretend play, focused on perspectives of other people (role taking)
- Game stage--> understanding of generalized other, starting to understand that people can take multiple roles in society
36
Structures involved in the reward pathway
- Prefrontal cortex
- VTA
- Nucleus accumbens
37
Place theory
Theory of hearing. Our perception of sound depends on where each component frequency produces vibrations along the basilar membrane
38
Counterbalancing
A method of controlling for order effects in a repeated measure design by either including all orders of treatment or by randomly determining the order for each subject
39
Neuroleptic agents
Antipsychotic medications that have an added side effect of enhancing negative symptoms. The "original" drugs
40
Atypical antipsychotics
Antipsychotics that do not have significant side effects common to older antipsychotics
41
Thomas Theorem
If men define situations as real, they are real in their consequences. AKA the objective reality of a situation doesn't matter as much as someone's perception of what they believe is happening. Theory of social constructionism.
42
Attenuation Model
The mind has an attenuator which is able to turn down unattended sensory input rather than eliminating it.
43
Spotlight model
A model of visual attention. Shifts in attention precede the movement of our eyes
44
Binding problem
Problem with feature detection theory regarding how all of different aspects of feature detection are assembled together and related to a single object. This problem is solved by visual attention.
45
Resource model of attention
We have a limited pool of resource son which to draw when performing tasks. Practicing a task diminishes task resource demand
46
Factors Associated with Performance on Multitasking
- Task similarity
- Task difficulty
- Task practice
47
Phonological loop
A component of working memory where we repeat verbal information to help us remember it
48
Visuospatial sketchpad
A component of working memory where we create mental images to remember visual information
49
Episodic buffer
A component of working memory where information in working memory interacts with information in long term memory (eg. relating information you are processing to a previous memory)
50
The hippocampus is critical in:
The formation of NEW memories (and emotional, flashbulb memories)
51
Mental set
A tendency to fixate on solutions that worked in the past but might apply to a current situation.
52
Belief bias
The tendency to judge arguments based on what one believes about their conclusions rather than on whether they use sound logic
53
Frustration Aggression principle
When someone is blocked from achieving a goal, this frustration can trigger anger and lead to aggression
54
Reticular formation
Area of the brainstem involved in alertness and arousal
55
Polysomnography
Multimodal technique to measure physiological processes during sleep
56
Sleep spindles
Bursts of waves on an EEG distinctive for stage 2 sleep
57
Stage 1 sleep is dominated by:
theta waves
58
A sleepy, relaxed state of awakeness will show what type of wave on an EEG?
alpha waves
59
REM rebound
The phenomenon that occurs when someone misses REM sleep in a night. Causes an increase in REM sleep the next night
60
Orexin
A neurotransmitter associated with narcolepsy
61
Somnambulism
Sleepwalking
62
False memories
Using imagination to create inaccurate memories
63
The effects of alcohol on the nervous system
Stimulates GABA and dopamine systems--> creates feelings of reduced anxiety and minor euphoria
64
The pleasure center of the brain
Nucleus accumbens
65
Emotional Regulatory Centers of Brain
Amygdala--> conduction and identification emotions
Hypothalamus--> creates physiological aspects of emotions
Prefrontal cortex--> controls behavioral aspects of emotions
66
The autonomic nervous system is regulated primary by the:
hypothalamus
67
What region of the brain is particularly important in negative conditioning?
Amygdala
68
Which region of then brain is particularly important in positive conditioning?
Hippocampus
69
Is reinforcement or punishment a more effective form of conditioning?
Reinforcement---> punishment does not have a long lasting effect
70
Learning occurs more quickly through what type of stimuli?
Primary stimuli ---> learning is quicker if it's biologically relevant
71
Consolidation
The conversion of working memory into long term memory
72
Biological basis of empathy
Mirror neurons are responsible
73
Reciprocal determinism
The interaction between a person's behaviors, personal factors (individual motivational forces), and environment. Posits that people both shape and are shaped by their environments.
74
Moro reflex
Infant reflex where a baby will startle in response to a loud sound or sudden movement.
75
Rooting reflex
Infant reflex where a baby will turn its head towards a stroke of cheek and open its mouth
76
Babinski reflex
Infant reflex where if its foot is stroked, the baby's toes fan out
77
Reflexive movements
Primitive, involuntary movements of infants that serve to prime the neuromuscular system and form the basis for more complex movements later in life.
78
Rudimentary movements
First voluntary movements performed by a child
79
Fundamental movement stage
Occurs from age 2-7. During this time, child is learning to manipulate his body through actions like running, jumping, throwing. Necessary for proper motor development
80
Specialized movement stage
Children learn to combine fundamental movements and apply them to specific tasks.
81
What point in the human lifespan has the highest amount of neurons?
Birth!
82
Infantile amnesia
The inability to remember memories before age 3.5
83
Stranger anxiety
The fear a child feels for faces that are not recognized by their developed schemas
84
Secure attachment
Infants will play in the presence of their primary caregiver, but will become distressed when the caregiver leaves the room. Upon the caregiver's return, the child will seek contact with her and is easily consoled
85
Insecure attachment
In the presence of their caregiver, infants aren't likely to explore their environment and might cling to their caregiver. If the caregiver leaves, the child will either be extremely distressed or demonstrate indifference to her departure. Occurs when mothers are insensitive or unresponsive
86
Iconic memory
Brief and fleeting photographic memory
87
Echoic memory
Fleeting memory for sound
88
Older adults show minimal decline in ________ but greater decline in __________.
recognition, free recall
89
Positive transfer
Older information can facilitate the learning of new information
90
Misinformation effect
The tendency to misremember information
91
Ghrelin
Hormone released by the stomach and pancreas that heightens the sensation of hunger
92
Leptin
A hormone released by white adipose tissue to reduce hunger
93
Dementia is characterized by ____________ amnesia.
anterograde
94
Justification of effort
People may modify their attitudes to match their behaviors
