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MCAT Psych/Soc > ALL CARDS_2 > Flashcards

ALL CARDS_2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Construct validity

A

Whether a tool is measuring what it is intended to measure

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2
Q

Regression to the mean

A

If the first measurement is extreme, second measurement will be closer to the mean

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3
Q

Operationalization

A

Approximating the true variables of interests with one that can be measured or tabulated

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4
Q

Random error

A

Error that is due to chance and is not standardized. Decreases precision.

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5
Q

Systematic error

A

Error that shifts all measurements in a standardized way. Decreases accuracy. Can result in bias

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6
Q

Observer bias

A

When an observer intentionally/unintentionally records a distorted measurement

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7
Q

Instrument bias

A

Errors due to systematic malfunctioning of a mechanical instrument

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8
Q

Subject bias

A

When a study participate intentionally/unintentionally reports distorted measurements

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9
Q

Sensorimotor stage

A

1st stage of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development

  • Ages 0-2 years
  • Children learn to separate themselves from the world
  • Object permanence is learned here
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10
Q

Pre operational stage

A

2nd stage of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development

  • Ages 2-7 years
  • Children learn to use language
  • Children think literally and egocentrically here–> unable to take on perspective of others
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11
Q

Concrete Operational stage

A

3rd stage of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development

  • Ages 7-11 years
  • Children develop inductive reasoning
  • Children learn about conservation of mass
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12
Q

Formal Operational stage

A

4th stage of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development

  • Ages 11+
  • Children develop deductive reasoning
  • Children start to think theoretically and philosophically
  • Children can begin to develop post-conventional moral reasoning (Kohlberg’s theory!)
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13
Q

Trust vs Mistrust

A

Erikson psychosocial crisis resolved in the first year of life. Ability to trust.

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14
Q

Autonomy vs shame/doubt

A

Erikson psychosocial crisis resolved in the second year of life. Ability to self-care.

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15
Q

Initiative vs guilt

A
  • Erikson psychosocial crisis
  • Resolved in age 3-6 years
  • Ability to carry out a plan
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16
Q

Industry vs inferiority

A
  • Erikson psychosocial crisis
  • Resolved age 7-12 years
  • Ability to learn new tasks
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17
Q

Identity vs role confusion

A
  • Erikson psychosocial crisis
  • Resolved in adolescence
  • Ability to form a stable identity
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18
Q

Intimacy vs isolation

A
  • Erikson psychosocial crisis
  • Resolved in young adulthood
  • Ability to form relationships with others
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19
Q

Generativity vs stagnation

A
  • Erikson psychosocial crisis
  • Resolved in middle adulthood
  • Ability to put energy into others
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20
Q

Integrity vs despair

A
  • Erikson psychosocial crisis
  • Resolved in mature adulthood
  • Determining how well one has lived
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21
Q

Myopia

A

Nearsightedness

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22
Q

Hyperopia

A

Farsightedness

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23
Q

Presbyopia

A

Inability to accommodate the lens of the eye. Normal part of age.

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24
Q

The primary sense of humans is:

A

vision

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25
Q

Feature detection theory

A

We activate different areas of the brain when looking at different features of an image. Allows for parallel processing of a visual stimulus.

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26
Q

Shadowing

A

Technique where a participant is asked to repeat a word or phrase immediately after its heard

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27
Q

Linguistic information is lateralized in the:

A

Left hemisphere

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28
Q

What aspect of cognition is unaffected by aging?

A

Capacity for retrieving general information

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29
Q

Proximal stimuli

A

Patterns of stimuli from objects and events that actually reach your senses

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30
Q

Distal stimuli

A

Objects and events out in the world around you

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31
Q

Context effects

A

Describes how the context in which a stimulus occurs can contribute to how people perceive that stimulus

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32
Q

Intersectionality

A

Overlapping of social categories such as race, class, gender as they apply to a given individual or group. Creates interdependent systems of discrimination/disadvantage

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33
Q

The looking glass self

A

How we see ourselves does not come from who we really are, but rather from how we believe others see us

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34
Q

George Herbert Mead’s I vs Me

A
  • Description of a restricted influence of other people on our perceptions of self
  • Generalized other: society as a whole and its expectations on an individual
  • Me: our social self (how we believe society sees us)
  • I: response to the social self (our personal responses to what society thinks)
  • Our actual self balances the I and the Me
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35
Q

3 Stages of Self Consciousness Development

A
  • Prepatory stage–> imitation of others
  • Play stage–> pretend play, focused on perspectives of other people (role taking)
  • Game stage–> understanding of generalized other, starting to understand that people can take multiple roles in society
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36
Q

Structures involved in the reward pathway

A
  • Prefrontal cortex
  • VTA
  • Nucleus accumbens
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37
Q

Place theory

A

Theory of hearing. Our perception of sound depends on where each component frequency produces vibrations along the basilar membrane

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38
Q

Counterbalancing

A

A method of controlling for order effects in a repeated measure design by either including all orders of treatment or by randomly determining the order for each subject

39
Q

Neuroleptic agents

A

Antipsychotic medications that have an added side effect of enhancing negative symptoms. The “original” drugs

40
Q

Atypical antipsychotics

A

Antipsychotics that do not have significant side effects common to older antipsychotics

41
Q

Thomas Theorem

A

If men define situations as real, they are real in their consequences. AKA the objective reality of a situation doesn’t matter as much as someone’s perception of what they believe is happening. Theory of social constructionism.

42
Q

Attenuation Model

A

The mind has an attenuator which is able to turn down unattended sensory input rather than eliminating it.

43
Q

Spotlight model

A

A model of visual attention. Shifts in attention precede the movement of our eyes

44
Q

Binding problem

A

Problem with feature detection theory regarding how all of different aspects of feature detection are assembled together and related to a single object. This problem is solved by visual attention.

45
Q

Resource model of attention

A

We have a limited pool of resource son which to draw when performing tasks. Practicing a task diminishes task resource demand

46
Q

Factors Associated with Performance on Multitasking

A
  • Task similarity
  • Task difficulty
  • Task practice
47
Q

Phonological loop

A

A component of working memory where we repeat verbal information to help us remember it

48
Q

Visuospatial sketchpad

A

A component of working memory where we create mental images to remember visual information

49
Q

Episodic buffer

A

A component of working memory where information in working memory interacts with information in long term memory (eg. relating information you are processing to a previous memory)

50
Q

The hippocampus is critical in:

A

The formation of NEW memories (and emotional, flashbulb memories)

51
Q

Mental set

A

A tendency to fixate on solutions that worked in the past but might apply to a current situation.

52
Q

Belief bias

A

The tendency to judge arguments based on what one believes about their conclusions rather than on whether they use sound logic

53
Q

Frustration Aggression principle

A

When someone is blocked from achieving a goal, this frustration can trigger anger and lead to aggression

54
Q

Reticular formation

A

Area of the brainstem involved in alertness and arousal

55
Q

Polysomnography

A

Multimodal technique to measure physiological processes during sleep

56
Q

Sleep spindles

A

Bursts of waves on an EEG distinctive for stage 2 sleep

57
Q

Stage 1 sleep is dominated by:

A

theta waves

58
Q

A sleepy, relaxed state of awakeness will show what type of wave on an EEG?

A

alpha waves

59
Q

REM rebound

A

The phenomenon that occurs when someone misses REM sleep in a night. Causes an increase in REM sleep the next night

60
Q

Orexin

A

A neurotransmitter associated with narcolepsy

61
Q

Somnambulism

A

Sleepwalking

62
Q

False memories

A

Using imagination to create inaccurate memories

63
Q

The effects of alcohol on the nervous system

A

Stimulates GABA and dopamine systems–> creates feelings of reduced anxiety and minor euphoria

64
Q

The pleasure center of the brain

A

Nucleus accumbens

65
Q

Emotional Regulatory Centers of Brain

A

Amygdala–> conduction and identification emotions
Hypothalamus–> creates physiological aspects of emotions
Prefrontal cortex–> controls behavioral aspects of emotions

66
Q

The autonomic nervous system is regulated primary by the:

A

hypothalamus

67
Q

What region of the brain is particularly important in negative conditioning?

A

Amygdala

68
Q

Which region of then brain is particularly important in positive conditioning?

A

Hippocampus

69
Q

Is reinforcement or punishment a more effective form of conditioning?

A

Reinforcement—> punishment does not have a long lasting effect

70
Q

Learning occurs more quickly through what type of stimuli?

A

Primary stimuli —> learning is quicker if it’s biologically relevant

71
Q

Consolidation

A

The conversion of working memory into long term memory

72
Q

Biological basis of empathy

A

Mirror neurons are responsible

73
Q

Reciprocal determinism

A

The interaction between a person’s behaviors, personal factors (individual motivational forces), and environment. Posits that people both shape and are shaped by their environments.

74
Q

Moro reflex

A

Infant reflex where a baby will startle in response to a loud sound or sudden movement.

75
Q

Rooting reflex

A

Infant reflex where a baby will turn its head towards a stroke of cheek and open its mouth

76
Q

Babinski reflex

A

Infant reflex where if its foot is stroked, the baby’s toes fan out

77
Q

Reflexive movements

A

Primitive, involuntary movements of infants that serve to prime the neuromuscular system and form the basis for more complex movements later in life.

78
Q

Rudimentary movements

A

First voluntary movements performed by a child

79
Q

Fundamental movement stage

A

Occurs from age 2-7. During this time, child is learning to manipulate his body through actions like running, jumping, throwing. Necessary for proper motor development

80
Q

Specialized movement stage

A

Children learn to combine fundamental movements and apply them to specific tasks.

81
Q

What point in the human lifespan has the highest amount of neurons?

A

Birth!

82
Q

Infantile amnesia

A

The inability to remember memories before age 3.5

83
Q

Stranger anxiety

A

The fear a child feels for faces that are not recognized by their developed schemas

84
Q

Secure attachment

A

Infants will play in the presence of their primary caregiver, but will become distressed when the caregiver leaves the room. Upon the caregiver’s return, the child will seek contact with her and is easily consoled

85
Q

Insecure attachment

A

In the presence of their caregiver, infants aren’t likely to explore their environment and might cling to their caregiver. If the caregiver leaves, the child will either be extremely distressed or demonstrate indifference to her departure. Occurs when mothers are insensitive or unresponsive

86
Q

Iconic memory

A

Brief and fleeting photographic memory

87
Q

Echoic memory

A

Fleeting memory for sound

88
Q

Older adults show minimal decline in ________ but greater decline in __________.

A

recognition, free recall

89
Q

Positive transfer

A

Older information can facilitate the learning of new information

90
Q

Misinformation effect

A

The tendency to misremember information

91
Q

Ghrelin

A

Hormone released by the stomach and pancreas that heightens the sensation of hunger

92
Q

Leptin

A

A hormone released by white adipose tissue to reduce hunger

93
Q

Dementia is characterized by ____________ amnesia.

A

anterograde

94
Q

Justification of effort

A

People may modify their attitudes to match their behaviors

MCAT Psych/Soc (3 decks)

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