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Psychology: Sex And Gender > All > Flashcards

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1
Q

Key concepts

A

Sex: biological difference
Gender: psychological and cultural differences
Sex-role stereotypes: pre-conceived ideas about gender appropriate behaviour held by a society

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2
Q

Androgeny A01

A
  1. Defined as: balance of male/female characteristics
  2. Better equip for a range of situations
  3. Measured by Bem sex role inventory: 20 male/female/neutral traits
  4. Androgneuous: high masculine, high feminine
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3
Q

Androgeny and BSRI A03

A
  1. Scale valid: 50 male/female judged 200 traits. BSRI then pioleted with 1000 and results correlated with own description of gender ID. Test-retest found similar score
  2. Challenge agaisnt androgyny and psychological well being: western culture values masculine traits more
  3. Cultural and historical bias: western and 40 years old
  4. Oversimplifies a complex concept: questionnaire invalid of gender ID
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4
Q

Role of chromosomes and hormones

A
  1. Explain X and Y chromosomes and what they are
  2. Sex determined by X/Y on sperm
  3. SRY region on Y cashews testes and androgens, without which a girl would develop
  4. ## Hormones effect development and puberty (2ndry sex sex characteristics)
  5. Testosterone: linked with aggression- rats injected
  6. Oestrogen: menstrul, PMS
  7. Oxytocin: more in women, reduces cortisol (stress) and facilitates bonding
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5
Q

A03 role of chromosomes and hormones

A

Behaviour caused by biology

  1. Prison population, those higher testosterone more likely violent or sexual crimes
  2. Hormone treatment: male to female showed less aggression and Visio-spatial skills and visa versa
  3. Female rats injected with testosterone more aggressive
  • against:
    43 males, double blind, testosterone or placebo, no sig differences after 10 weeks
    Overphamasis on nature: bigger differences between same gender, STL better
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6
Q

A03 on the role of chromosomes and hormones

A
  1. Role of Chromosomes and hormones supported by David Reimer.
  2. Also in prison population those with + levels of testosterone committed violent or sexual crimes
  3. Contradictory double blind research found no significant difference in aggression in 43 males when injected with testosterone or placebo
  4. Objection of PMS is androcentric
  5. Overemphasis on nature: bigger differences within sex than between, better explained by SLT and social context. Also cultural differences
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7
Q

Outline David Reimer

A
  1. Two twins
  2. Bruce left without penis
  3. Money believed biological sex less important than environment
  4. Bruce raised as a female, but sufferd severe psychological issues, and went back to male when told the truth
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8
Q

Atypical chromosome patterns

A
  1. Klinefelters: XXY
    Physical: Reduced body hair, tits, clumsy
    Psychological: poor language and reading ability, poor executive function
  2. Turners: X0
    Physical: no menstrual cycle (sterile), Webed neck and sheild chest, look prepubescent
    Psychological: high executive function, visual and maths tasks lower. Socially immature
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9
Q

Atypical sex chromosome patterns A03

A
  1. Contribution to nature-nurture: comparing psychological and behavioural differences we can assume biological basis for differences
  2. Environment explanations: no causal: society will treat them differently in a way that encourages certain behaviour
  3. Usual sample so lacks generalisability
  4. Practical application
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10
Q

What are the two cognitive explanations

A
  1. Kookberg: stages of gender development

2. Gender schema

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11
Q

Koholberg A01

A
  1. Child’s understanding of gender runs parallel with intellectual/ biological development and progresses in stages
  2. Gender identity: 2
  3. Gender stability: 4
  4. Gender constancy: 6- will find role models to identify with and imitate
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12
Q

Kholberg A03

A

+ split screen, longer looking at same sex
+ Munroe found as far as Kenya and napaul so supports universal, biological basis

  • children at 4yrs preferd same sex toys so constancy not supported, schema would be better expliantion
  • methodological issue as was self report from young children who cannot express themselvs
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13
Q

Gender schema A01

A
  1. Also a cognitive developmental theory
  2. Agrees with Kholberg that learning is an active process rather than passive as STL suggests
  3. Schema acquired with gender ID and from there will develop it
  4. This will include gender appropriate behaviour and so will begin to fix stereotypes
  5. Much more developed in group schema can explain why they pay more attention to self gender behaviour
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14
Q

Schema A03

A
  1. Children more likely to remember gender consistent behaviour or change their sex to fit schema
  2. In group bias can explain fixed gender beliefs due to biased info processing
  3. Can only explain why the schemas take the form they do with STL: role of peers and parents
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15
Q

Psychodynamic A01

A
  1. Starts at phalic stage before which no gender identity
  2. Boys experience castration anxiety and thus identify and intenriase gender ID
  3. Electra with girls
  4. So both identify to resolve complexes
  5. Illustrated by little hans
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16
Q

Psychodynamic A03

A
  1. No evdicne for Oedipus complex: boys with liberal fathers more secure
  2. Androcentic idea of penis envy reflected Victorian society
  3. 37 children raised by non-nuclear families all fine
  4. Says gender identity formed at end of phalic stage at 6 years but this is not supported at all
  5. Pusego science
17
Q

STL a01

A
  1. Importance of nurture through parents and peers but also media
  2. Direct reinforcement (differential reinforcement)
  3. Vicarious: mum praised for being pretty so rewarded
  4. Role models can transmit gender roles
18
Q

A03 SLT

A
  1. 4-6 month babies given differnt toys and compliments if pink or blue. Diff reinforcement from young age
  2. Can explain changing gender roles
  3. David Reimer agaisnt STL
  4. Both psychodynamic and STL focus on identification
19
Q

Culture and gender roles A01

A

Culture
1. Mead: entirely nurture
2. Buss 37 countries
found mean after beauty and women after wealth: nature+ munroe flund division of labour along gender lines: nature
Media
1. Media always presents men as advice givers and in autonomous roles and visa versa for women
2. Vicarious reinforcement as well (self-efficacy)

20
Q

A03 media and culture

A

Culture

  1. Mead guilty of imposed etic and observer bias so invalid
  2. Risk of imposed etic from western theory’s and methods, include a member of indigois population
  3. Does not clarify where nature and nurture are most dominant
21
Q

A03 media

A
  1. Correlation not causation: may simply reflect rather than directly encourage:

Psychology: Sex And Gender (11 decks)

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