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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Why is the bilayer in cell membranes fluid?

A

The phospholipids are constantly moving

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2
Q

How does cholesterol give membranes stability

A

Binds to the hydrophobic tails of phospholipids causing then to pack closely together

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3
Q

What is facilitated diffusion

A

Large molecules diffusing through carrier or channel proteins

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4
Q

3 functions of cytoskeleton

A

Support organelles
Strengthen cell
Help movement

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5
Q

Type of cartilage in the trachea

A

C shaped pieces

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6
Q

What are alpha and beta glucose

A

Monosaccharide (carbohydrate)

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7
Q

What bond joins monosaccharides together

A

Glycocidic bonds

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8
Q

3 examples of carbohydrates

A

Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose

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9
Q

Structure of starch

A

Amylose - long unbranched chain and coiled

Amylopectin - long branched chain

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10
Q

Structure of glycogen

A

Similar to amylopectin (long and branched) but with many more side branches

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11
Q

How does glycogen having lots of side branches help it’s function

A

Means glucose can be released quickly

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12
Q

Structure of cellulose

A

Long unbranched chains of beta glucose

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13
Q

What makes up a triglyceride

A

Glycerol and 3 fatty acids

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14
Q

What bond forms triglycerides

A

Ester bonds

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15
Q

What are triglycerides

A

Lipids

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16
Q

What are carbohydrates made up of

A

Monosaccharides

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17
Q

What are proteins made up of

A

Amino acids

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18
Q

What do all amino acids contain

A 
Amino group (H2N)
Carboxyl group (COOH)
Variable grouo (R)
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19
Q

What bond joins amino acids together

A

Peptide bonds

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20
Q

Example of a fibrous protein

A

Cartilage

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21
Q

What do nucleotides make up

A

DNA and RNA

22
Q

Pentose sugar in DNA

A

Deoxyribose

23
Q

2 purine bases

A

A & G

24
Q

2 pyrimidine bases

A

C & T

25
Q

What is a cofactor

A

A non protein substance that binds to enzymes to allow then to work

26
Q

What is a coenzyme

A

An organic molecule version of a cofactor

27
Q

What happens during Prophase in Mitosis

A 
Chromosomes condense (shorter and fatter)
Centrioles move to opposite ends of cell forming spindle
Nuclear envelope breaks down
28
Q

What happend during Metaphase in mitosis

A

Chromosomes line up in middle of cell and attatch to spindle

29
Q

What hapoens in Anaphase in mitosis

A

Centromeres divide seperating each pair of sister chromatids

Spindle contracts, pulling chromotids to opposite ends of cell

30
Q

What haooens during telophase in mitosis

A 
Chromatids uncoil (chromosomes again)
Nuclear envelope forms around the two groups of chromosomes
31
Q

What is produced by meiosis

A

4 haploid daughter cells

32
Q

4 tyoes of animal tissue

A

Squamous epithelium
Ciliated epithelium
Muscle tissue
Cartilage

33
Q

Where is squamous epithelium tissue found

A

Lining surfaces

34
Q

3 types of muscle tissue

A

Smooth
Cardiac
Skeletal

35
Q

3 properties of xylem to help it’s function

A 
No end walls to form uninterrupted tube
Dead cells (hollow) to transport water
 Walls contain lignin to support
36
Q

What are sieve tube elements

A

Living cells that form the phloem

37
Q

Why do sieve tube elements need companion cells

A

They lack a nucleus so companion cells carry out living functions for them and sieve tube elements

38
Q

What is species richness

A

Number of differant species in an area

39
Q

5 kingdoms

A 
Protoctista
Prokaryote
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
40
Q

Taxonomic hierachy

A 
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
41
Q

2 adaptations of marram grass

A

Stomata sunk into pits

Roll leaves in hot/windy conditions

42
Q

2 adaptations of cacti

A

Thick waxy layer

Spines instead of leaves to reduce surface area

43
Q

What is translocation

A

Movement of dissolved substances around the plant in the phloem

44
Q

What is a leukocyte

A

White blood cell

45
Q

Two types of leukocytes

A

Lymphocytes and phagocytes

46
Q

Two types of lymphocytes

A

B cells and T cells

47
Q

Two tyoes of phagocyte

A

Monocyte and macrophage

48
Q

What is a erythrocyte

A

Red blood cell

49
Q

Example of natural active immunity

A

Become immune after catching a disease

50
Q

Example of artificial active immunity

A

Vaccination

51
Q

Example of natural passive immunity

A

Baby receives antibodies from mothers placenta or breast milk

Biology (9 decks)

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