Alimentary System Flashcards

1
Q

History

A
Appetite
Water intake 
Prehension
Mastication
Swallowing 
Defecation
Pain (colic)
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2
Q

Body condition scoring

A

Scale 1-9
Visual inspection and palpation of regions
Positively related to body fat percentage
No correlation to body weight!
Foals the scale is 1-5

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3
Q

Exam of the oral cavity

A
Odour
Mucus Membranes 
Saliva 
Teeth
Tongue
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4
Q

Examination of the Salivary Glands

A

Parotid
Mandibular
Sublingual
Buccal

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5
Q

Examination of the Pharynx

A

External:
Inspection
Palpation

Internal:
Palpation
Endoscopy- small nodules of lymphatic tissue especially in young horses 
Nasogastric tubing 
Watering and feeding test
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6
Q

Exam of the esophagus

A
Inspection
Palpation
Nasogastric tubing 
Watering and feeding test 
Endoscopy 
X-ray- with contrast material
US
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7
Q

Exam of the abdomen methods

A
Inspection
Palpation
Auscultation
Percussion
Rectal Palpation
Nasogastric intubation
Abdominocentesis 
Endoscopy
Radiography
US...
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8
Q

Inspection of the abdomen

A

From all angles! behind, the side, the front, below

Shape, contour, volume, movements

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9
Q

Palpation of the abdomen

A
Temp
Thickness
Tenseness
Sensitivity
Pain
Swellings
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10
Q

Auscultation of the abdomen

A

Gurgling, rumbling
Tinkling, splashing

Physio: +
Decreased: 1/- large colon obstruction and displacement
Increased: ++ borborygmi: early stages of enteritis, colitis, typhlitis

Reduced/absent sounds: atony, impaction, obstruction, shock, poor perfusion, high sympathetic tone

At least 3 areas on each side and spend 1 minute on each area

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11
Q

Percussion of the abdomen

A

Info regarding gas distension of caecum and large colon
Not used as frequently anymore

Left:
dorsal third: dulled tympanic
Middle third: dulled tympanic
Ventral third: dulled

Right:
Dorsal third: tympanic
Middle third: dulled tympanic
ventral third: dulled

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12
Q

Rectal palpation as an exam of the abdomen

A

40% of abdomen is palpable in this way
Prep: restraint, spasmolytics, sedation
Inspection: perianal area, anus
Some palpable structures: Bony pelvis, internal inguinal rings, prostate, bladder, abdominal aorta, left kidney, spleen, pelvic flexure etc

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13
Q

Abdominocentesis: patho conditions

A
Peritonitis 
Abd neoplasia 
Abscesses
Strangulation
Uroperitoneum
GI rupture
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14
Q

Abdominocentesis: fluids

A
Transudate
Modified transudate 
Exudate 
Blood
Urine
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15
Q

Radiography of abdomen indications

A

Check NG placement in foals
Dignose diseases in neonates
Sand in ventral colon
Enteroliths

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16
Q

US of the abdomen indications

A
Colic 
Weight loss, anorexia 
Pyrexia 
Leucocytosis or penia
Elevated plasma fibrinogen 
Elevated liver enzymes 
Elevated kidney values 
Abnormal peritoneal fluid
17
Q

US of the stomach

A

Left
10-15th ICS
Medial to hylus of the spleen
Content, wall thickness and size

18
Q

US of caecum

A

Right paralumbar fossa adjacent to the right kidney and descending duodenum

19
Q

Ultrasound of the large intestine

A

Wall thickness
Content (gas vs. fluid)
Displacements

20
Q

US of the peritoneum

A

Septic peritonitis
Abdominal neoplasia
Hemoperitoneum
Uroperitoneum

21
Q

Exam of the stomach

A

Location is deep in the diaphragmatic dome
Nasogastric intubation: Look at gastric content: quantity, quality, colour, smell, pH, components, foreign materials
Gastroscopy
US
Biopsy

22
Q

Exam of the liver

A

Location is deep in the diaphragmatic dome, asymmetrically
Phys exam also possible!

Ancillary diagnostic methods:
US
Biopsy
Clinicopathological exam: 
Serum hepatic enzymes 
Bile salts 
Ammonia 
Glucose 
Bilirubin
Clotting factors 
Plasma proteins
23
Q

Exam of the pancreas

A

Location is behind the stomach and liver, in the dorsal part of the r. epigastrica above the duodenum
No physical exam
No US

Lab diagnostic methods:
Serum amylase and lipase
Peritoneal fluid amylase (this is not specific)

24
Q

Auscultation regions

A

Quadrants
Left upper: small colon and small intestines
Left lower: left ventral colon and pelvic flexure
Right upper: head of caecum- ileocaecalis sound which is longer! (sounds like a thunderstorm)
Right lower: right ventral large colon

25
Q

Abdominal US prep and instruments

A
Clean hair coat 
Soak with diluted isopropyl-alcohol
Use UH gels for good contact
May be necessary to clip hair 
Macroconvex probe: 3.5MHz- the higher the frequency, the better the image quality but there is less penetration
Depth of 25-30cm
26
Q

Regions of abdominal US

A
LEFT
Left flank area: spleen and kidney
Lower colon and spleen
Inguinal: bladder and small intestinal loops
Cranially: stomach and spleen

RIGHT
16 and 17 ICS is the kidney
ventrally: caecum
cranially: lung, liver, duodenum (from dors to ventral)
Inguinal: small intestine loops and bladder
Ventrally: colon

27
Q

Gastroscopy

A
12hr fasting prior 
3m long flexible endoscope 
Decompress stomach at the end 
Non-glandular: esophageal part
Glandular: cardia, fundus and pylorus 

Can use nasogastric tube to protect endoscope

28
Q

Pathological findings of a gastroscopy

A

Hyperkeratosis
Ulcerations
Bleeding
Fibrin