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425 - Systemic Pathology > Alimentary > Flashcards

Alimentary Flashcards

1
Q

What is a cheiloschisis?

A

Cleft lip

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2
Q

What is the term for a cleft lip?

A

Cheiloschisis

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3
Q

Name this condition.

A

Cheiloschisis / cleft lip

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4
Q

What is the term for a cleft palate?

A

Palatoschisis

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5
Q

What is a palatoschisis?

A

Celft palate

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6
Q

Name this condition.

A

Palatoschisis / cleft palate

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7
Q

What are common sequelae of facial clefts in neonates?

A

Trouble suckling and can have milk coming out of their nose = aspiration pneumonia.

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8
Q

What are the types of jaw abnormalities?

A
  • Brachygnathia
  • Prognathia
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9
Q

What is brachygnathia?

A

Shortening of the jaw.

Brachygnathia inferior = Shortnening of mandible.
Brachygnathia superior = Shortening of maxilla.

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10
Q

Name this condition.

A

“Parrot mouth” - a form of brachygnathia inferior in horses

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11
Q

What is prognathia?

A

Elongation of the mandible

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12
Q

What is the term for elongation of the mandible?

A

Prognathia

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13
Q

What is the term for shortening of the mandible?

A

Brachygnathia inferior

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14
Q

What is the term for shortening of the maxilla?

A

Brachygnathia superior

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15
Q

What are the potential causes of cleft and jaw abnormalities?

A
  • Hereditary
  • Drugs
  • Toxic plants
  • Infectious

Often viral cause.

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16
Q

What is the term for inflammation of the oral cavity?

A

Stomatitis

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17
Q

What is stomatitis?

A

Inflammation of the oral cavity

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18
Q

What is the term for inflammation of the lips?

A

Cheilitis

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19
Q

What is cheilitis?

A

Inflammation of the lips

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20
Q

What is the term for inflammation of the pharynx?

A

Pharyngitis?

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21
Q

What is pharyngitis?

A

Inflammation of the pharynx

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22
Q

What is the term for inflammation of the tongue?

A

Glossitis

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23
Q

What is glossitis?

A

Inflammation of the tongue

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24
Q

What is the term for inflammation of the gums?

A

Gingivitis

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25
Q

What is gingivitis?

A

Inflammation of the gums.

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26
Q

What is the term for inflammation of the tonsils?

A

Tonsilitis

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27
Q

What is tonsilitis?

A

Inflammation of the tonsils

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28
Q

Name this condition.

A

Feline odontoclastic resorptive lesions (FORL).

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29
Q

Where do feline odontoclastic resorptive lesions (FORL) often start?

A

At the subgingival neck or upper root of cheek teeth.

Can be difficult to see.

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30
Q

What are feline odontoclastic resorptive lesions (FORL) similar to?

A

Dental cavities

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31
Q

Prevalence of feline odontoclastic resorptive lesions (FORL) increases with…

A

age.

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32
Q

What is the cause of feline odontoclastic resorptive lesions (FORL)?

A

Idiopathic - no known cause.

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33
Q

What is the old name for equine odontoclastic tooth resorption and hypercementosis (EOTRH)?

A

Cementoblastoma

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34
Q

What does equine odontoclastic tooth resorption and hypercementosis (EOTRH) target?

A

Canines and incisors

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35
Q

What are the features of equine odontoclastic tooth resorption and hypercementosis (EOTRH)?

A
  • Painful and progressive lesion of older horses
  • Combination of cemental hyperplasia and lysis
  • See bulbous enlargement of the intra-alveolar part of the teeth
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36
Q

Name the condition.

A

Equine odontoclastic tooth resorption and hypercementosis (EOTRH)

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37
Q

Name the condition.

A

Equine odontoclastic tooth resorption and hypercementosis (EOTRH)

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38
Q

Name this condition. What species is this common in?

A

Odontogenic dysplasia

Rodents (hypsodont teeth)

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39
Q

What is odontogenic dysplasia?

A

Dysplastic growth of molar teeth seen in rodents. Tooth grows backwards into the bone.

Results in malocclusion, hypersalivation, emaciation.

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40
Q

What parts of the teeth are affected by odontogenic dysplasia?

A

Affects enamel, dentin and cementum.

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41
Q

How is odontogenic dysplasia detected on PE?

A

Can palpate nodular hard swellings along the ventral mandible or along dorsal surface of the maxilla.

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42
Q

Name the condition.

A

Odontogenic dysplasia

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43
Q

What is another name for chronic ulcerative paradental stomatitis (CUPS)?

A

Kissing ulcers

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44
Q

What is the cause of chronic ulcerative paradental stomatitis (CUPS)?

A

Thought to be a hypersensitivity reaction to gram negative bacteria associated with periodontal disease.

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45
Q

What what species is most commonly affected by chronic ulcerative paradental stomatitis (CUPS)?

A

Most common in middle aged white breed dogs

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46
Q

What are the gross lesions of chronic ulcerative paradental stomatitis (CUPS)?

A
  • Buccal ulceration in areas of contact between mucosal and teeth affected by gingivitis, plaque and calculus
  • Maxillary canine and carnassial teeth usually most severely affected
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47
Q

Name the condition.

A

Chronic ulcerative paradental stomatitis (CUPS)

Aka. Kissing ulcers

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48
Q

Which teeth are most affected by chronic ulcerative paradental stomatitis (CUPS)?

A

Maxillary canine and carnassial teeth usually most severely affected

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49
Q

What is the causative agent of oral necrobacillosis?

A

Fusobacterium necrophorum

An anaerobic bacteria that is a secondary invader to mucosal damage.

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50
Q

Name the condition and the causative agent.

A

Oral necrobacillosis caused by fusobacterium necrophorum.

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51
Q

How does invasion with fusobacterium necrophorum occur? What does it cause?

A

Fusobacterium necrophorum invades secondary to mucosal damage on the buccal or pharyngeal mucosa, the larynx, or tonsils.

Predisposing diseases include trauma, IBR, papular stomatitis.

Causes oral necrobacillosis.

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52
Q

Name the condition. How would you confirm this diagnosis?

A

Oral necrobacillosis. Can be confirmed with anaerobic culture or histology.

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53
Q

What type of bacteria is fusobacterium necrophorum?

A

Anaerobic.

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54
Q

Which age group will more commonly get systemic disease as a result of fusobacterium necrophorum? What is the consequence of systemic disease?

A

More common in young animals, can be fatal if infection is systemic.

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55
Q

What are the gross lesions of oral necrobacillosis?

A
  • Yellow gray, well-demarcated necrosis with a hyperemic rim
  • Necrotic material may be slightly raised above the surface
  • Often a dry appearance with multiple rings of colour (‘flower like)
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56
Q

What are the histologic lesions of oral necrobacillosis?

A

Bacteria arranged into long thin filaments.

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57
Q

Name this condition.

A

Oral necrobacillosis

Caused by fusobacterium necrophorum, an anaerobic bacteria.

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58
Q

Name this condition.

A

Oral necrobacillosis

Caused by fusobacterium necrophorum, an anaerobic bacteria.

59
Q

What is the cause of wooden tongue?

A

Caused by the gram negative bacterium Actinobacillus lignieresii which is a part of normal oral flora (trauma allows penetration of bacteria).

Aka. Actinobacillosis

60
Q

What is another term for oral necrobacillosis?

A

Calf diptheria

61
Q

How can you tell lumpy jaw and wooden tongue apart?

A

Actinomyces bovis (causes lumpy jaw) is gram positive, Actinobacillus lignieresii (causes wooden tongue) is gram negative.

62
Q

What is wooden tongue?

A

Infectious disease caused by gram negative bacteria (Actinobacillus lignieresii). Tongue becomes swollen and hard, may extend to other parts of the oral cavity and the lymph nodes.

63
Q

What should be done when culturing Actinobacillus lignieresii?

A

Can be difficult to culture, crushing the sulfur granules helps, tell the lab you are looking specifically for these agents. Needs to be specifically an anaerobic culture.

64
Q

What are the histologic signs of wooden tongue?

A

Histologically see pyogranulomatous inflammation and Splendore-Hoeppli (sulfur granules)

65
Q

What species are affected by wooden tongue?

A

Cattle, sheep, pigs, also wild ruminants

66
Q

What is this histologic lesion? What condition is this associated with?

A

Splendore-Hoeppli (sulfur granules)

Associated with wooden tongue.

67
Q

Where does oral candidiasis occur?

A

Can happen anywhere in the keratinized portion of the GIT so oral cavity, esophagus, stomach (varies with the species).

68
Q

What is the causative agent of oral candidiasis?

A

Candida albicans

69
Q

What are the gross features of oral candidiasis?

A

Pale yellow to gray pseudomembrane overlying oral mucosa, especially at the back of the tongue

70
Q

What are the histologic features of oral candidiasis?

A

Proliferation of yeast and hyphae within keratinized layer

71
Q

What are the big 4 vesicular stomatitides?

A
  1. Foot and mouth disease
  2. Vesicular stomatitis
  3. Vesicular exanthema of swine
  4. Swine vesicular disease
72
Q

Which of the big 4 is NOT reportable?

A

Vesicular exanthema of swine.

73
Q

Why are the big 4 important?

A
  • All are viruses
  • Can look identical grossly and histologically
  • All have high morbidity but low mortality
  • ALMOST all are reportable diseases (vesicular exanthema of swine is the exception)
  • Trade implications and production limiting
74
Q

What is a vesicle?

A

Accumulation of serous fluid usually between the epithelium and lamina propria.

Vesicles are usually short lived and rupture to form ulcers.

< 0.5 cm = vesicle
> 0.5 cm = bullae

75
Q

What is the fate of a vesicle?

A

Ruptures to become ulcers.

76
Q

What are the causes of vesicles in dogs and cats vs in food animals?

A

Dogs & cats - Immune mediated diseases.
Food animals - Usually viral.

77
Q

Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD)

Species? Location? Cause?

A

Cause: Foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV), a picornavirus
Species: All animals with cloven hooves (divided hooves) and asiatic black bears
Location: Enzootic in Africa, Asia, Europe, South America

78
Q

Which common species is not affected by foot and mouth disease?

A

Horses

Only cloven hooved animals affected.

79
Q

What are the clinical signs of foot and mouth disease?

A
  • Vesicle formation in and around the mouth, on the feet, mammary glands
  • High morbidity, low mortallity
  • Production loss
  • Fever
  • Hoof sloughing can occur
80
Q

What causes the high mortality in neonates infected with FMD?

A

Myocarditis

81
Q

How environmentally stable is FMDV? What can inactivate it?

A

Can persist in the environment for weeks

Inactivated by sunlight, drying and high temperature

82
Q

How can FMD be definitively diagnosed?

A

Requires virus isolation - testing is done through CFIA.

83
Q

Vesicular stomatitis

Cause? Location? Species?

A

Cause: Caused by vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), family rhabdoviridae
Location: Enzootic in Central and South America. Sporadic in North America.
Species: Horses, cattle, pigs, wildlife, humans (zoonotic)

84
Q

What are the clinical signs of vesicular stomatitis?

A
  • Vesicles in the oral cavity > feet, mammary gland
  • Animals may froth at the mouth
85
Q

Which food animal species are not affected by vesicular stomatits?

A

Goats and sheep

86
Q

Name the condition.

A

Vesicular stomatits

87
Q

Vesicular Exanthema of Swine

Cause? Species?

A

Cause: Caused by vesicular exanthema of swine virus (VESV), family Caliciviridae
Species: Pigs and sea lions (San Miguel Sea Lion Virus)

88
Q

Name the condition. What other species can be infected? How does transmission occur?

A

Vesicular Exanthema of Swine = San Miguel Sea Lion Virus

Potential for transmission to pigs if fed uncooked ocean origin fish.

89
Q

Swine Vesicular Disease

Cause? Species? Location?

A

Cause: Swine vesicular disease virus (SVDV), an enterovirus
Species: Pigs
Location: Italy, Hong Kong, UK, Europe, Asia

90
Q

What are the clinical signs of swine vesicular disease?

A
  • Vesicles on the coronary bands and heels > oral cavity and mammary glands
  • Can cause nonsuppurative meningoencephalomyelitis
91
Q

Seneca valley virus affects which species?

A

Swine

92
Q

What type of virus is seneca valley virus?

A

Picornavirus.

93
Q

What is a potential infectious cause of vesicular stomatitis in felines?

A

Feline calicivirus can cause lingual and oropharyngeal ulcers that start as vesicles.

94
Q

What is the cause of bovine papular stomatitis?

A

Bovine papular stomatitis virus, a parapox virus.

95
Q

Bovine papular stomatitis is seen in…

A

calves.

96
Q

What does the presence of bovine papular stomatitis indicate?

A

It is usually not clinically significant but can indicate underlying immunosuppression (ex. colostrum deficiency).

97
Q

What are the gross lesions associated with bovine papular stomatitis?

A
  • Targets **hard and soft palate and around the teeth **
  • Begins as a round macule 0.2 – 2.0 cm in diameter
  • Center becomes elevated over time and tan with a red rim (targetoid)
98
Q

Describe the lesions seen in this cow. What is the condition called?

A

Targetoid lesions that are tan in colour with a distinct red rim on the mucosa surrounding the teeth and on the hard palate.

99
Q

What is an important consideration if bovine papular stomatitis is suspected?

A

It is zoonotic

100
Q

What are the histologic lesions of bovine papular stomatitis?

A

Epidermal hyperplasia with ballooning degeneration

101
Q

Name the condition and the characteristic lesion in the image.

A

Bovine papular stomatitis.

Targetoid lesions on the palate and around the teeth.

102
Q

What is another term for orf?

A

Contagious ecthyma

103
Q

What is another term for contagious ecthyma?

A

Orf

104
Q

What is the cause of orf (contagious ecthyma)?

A

Parapox virus

105
Q

Is orf zoonotic?

A

Yes babe

106
Q

What are the gross lesions of orf (contagious ecthyma)?

A

Proliferative scabby lesions on the lips, face, udder, and feet that can extend into the oral cavity

107
Q

Name the condition and which species it effects.

A

Orf (contagious ecthyma)

Sheep, goats, humans.

108
Q

Name the condition and describe its defining lesion in the image.

A

Orf (contagious ecthyma).

Proliferative scabby lesions on the lips.

109
Q

What are other potential causes of ulcerative stomatitis in bovines (important ddx for the vesicular diseases)?

A
  • Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV)
  • Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF)
  • Rinderpest
110
Q

What is a non-infectious cause of vesicular stomatitis in small animals (generally)?

A

Immune mediated diseases - it is the result of auto-antibodies against some component of the epidermis or lamina propria.

111
Q

What is the pathogenesis of vesicular stomatitis caused by immune mediated disease in small animals?

A

Auto-antibodies target a component of the epidermis or lamina propria, leading to clefting between cells that progresses to vesicles and ulcers.

112
Q

What are eosinophilic ulcers?

A

Well-demarcated, shallow ulcers with elevated margins, primarily the upper lip to either side of midline in cats.

113
Q

What do eosinophilic ulcers target in cats?

A

The mucocuaneous junction of the lips.

114
Q

What are the gross lesions of eosinophilic ulcers?

A

Well-demarcated, shallow ulcers with elevated margins, primarily the upper lip to either side of midline.

115
Q

Name the condition.

A

Feline eosinophilic ulcers

116
Q

What sign of uremia is present in the mouth?

A

Uremic ulcers. Dirty gray-brown ulcers on the gums, lateral tongue, inner lips and cheeks.

117
Q

Name the lesion and the condition it is associated with.

A

Uremic ulcers.

Associated with chronic renal disease.

118
Q

Problems with salivary glands are commonly …. (type)

A

Functional, not infectious.

119
Q

What is the name for inflammation of the salivary gland?

A

Sialoadenitis

120
Q

What is sialoadenitis?

A

Inflammation of the salivary gland.

121
Q

What is a ranula?

A
  • Partial or complete obstruction of a salivary duct leading to duct dilation
  • Results in a smooth, round, fluctuant mass on the floor of the mouth
122
Q

What is a sialocele?

A
  • Accumulation of salivary secretions in soft tissue of the mouth or neck
  • Result of trauma and rupture of a duct
  • Not lined by duct epithelium
123
Q

What is a sialolith?

A

Concretions within the salivary gland.

123
Q

What is the term for concretions within the salivary gland?

A

Sialolith

124
Q

What is the term for an accumulation of salivary secretions in soft tissue of the mouth or neck?

A

Sialocele

125
Q

What is the term for a partial or complete obstruction of a salivary duct leading to duct dilation?

A

Ranula

126
Q

What breed is predisposed to diffuse fibrous hyperplasia of the oral cavity?

A

Boxers

127
Q

Name the condition.

A

Diffuse fibrous hyperplasia

128
Q

List the potential benign tumors of the oral cavity.

A
  • Oral papillomatosis
  • Fibromatous epulis of periodontal ligament origin (FEPLO)
129
Q

What is oral papillomatosis?

A

Warts that are commonly on the skin but can extend into the mouth.

Dogs = canine papillomavirus 1
Bovine = papillomavirus 4
Horses = Equus caballus papillomavirus type 1

130
Q

What age group is affected by oral papillomatosis?

A

Young animals

131
Q

What is the treatment for oral papillomatosis?

A

None, it usually spontaneously regresses.

132
Q

What are the gross lesions of oral papillomatosis?

A

Multifocal, proliferative, cauliflower-like.

133
Q

Name the condition. Is it benign or malignant?

A

Oral papillomatosis, benign.

134
Q

What is another term for fibromatous epulis of periodontal ligament origin (FEPLO)?

A

POF (peripheral odontogenic fibroma) or epulis

135
Q

What species is fibromatous epulis of periodontal ligament origin (FEPLO) most common in?

A

Dogs

136
Q

What are the gross lesions of fibromatous epulis of periodontal ligament origin (FEPLO)?

A
  • Firm gray-pink nodular lesions often between teeth or from the hard palate
  • Mushroom shaped, smooth surface
  • Most common around carnassial and canine teeth

DOES NOT INVADE THE BONE. benign

137
Q

What is canine acanthomatous ameloblastoma (CAA)?

A

An odontogenic tumor of ameloblasts in dogs that invades bone (malignant)

ONLY in dogs

138
Q

Is canine acanthomatous ameloblastoma (CAA) benign or malignant?

A

Malignant

Invades bone

139
Q

How can you tell apart FEPLO and CAA as they can look identical?

A
  • Radiographs (CAA invades bone, FEPLO does not)
  • Effect on teeth (displacement?)
  • Biopsy
140
Q

Does canine acanthomatous ameloblastoma commonly metastasize?

A

No, it does not metastasize but it is locally agressive (invades bone).

141
Q

What are the 3 most common non-odontogenic tumors of the oral cavity in dogs?

A
  1. Melanoma
  2. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)
  3. Fibrosarcoma (FSC)
142
Q

What are the 4 most common non-odontogenic tumors of the oral cavity in cats?

A
  1. Squamous cell carcinoma (60-70% of all oral tumors)
  2. Fibrosarcoma
  3. Lymphoma
  4. Melanoma

Poor prognosis in cats!!!!!!

143
Q
A

425 - Systemic Pathology (7 decks)

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