Alimentary Flashcards
What is a cheiloschisis?
Cleft lip
What is the term for a cleft lip?
Cheiloschisis
Name this condition.
Cheiloschisis / cleft lip
What is the term for a cleft palate?
Palatoschisis
What is a palatoschisis?
Celft palate
Name this condition.
Palatoschisis / cleft palate
What are common sequelae of facial clefts in neonates?
Trouble suckling and can have milk coming out of their nose = aspiration pneumonia.
What are the types of jaw abnormalities?
- Brachygnathia
- Prognathia
What is brachygnathia?
Shortening of the jaw.
Brachygnathia inferior = Shortnening of mandible.
Brachygnathia superior = Shortening of maxilla.
Name this condition.
“Parrot mouth” - a form of brachygnathia inferior in horses
What is prognathia?
Elongation of the mandible
What is the term for elongation of the mandible?
Prognathia
What is the term for shortening of the mandible?
Brachygnathia inferior
What is the term for shortening of the maxilla?
Brachygnathia superior
What are the potential causes of cleft and jaw abnormalities?
- Hereditary
- Drugs
- Toxic plants
- Infectious
Often viral cause.
What is the term for inflammation of the oral cavity?
Stomatitis
What is stomatitis?
Inflammation of the oral cavity
What is the term for inflammation of the lips?
Cheilitis
What is cheilitis?
Inflammation of the lips
What is the term for inflammation of the pharynx?
Pharyngitis
What is pharyngitis?
Inflammation of the pharynx
What is the term for inflammation of the tongue?
Glossitis
What is glossitis?
Inflammation of the tongue
What is the term for inflammation of the gums?
Gingivitis
What is gingivitis?
Inflammation of the gums.
What is the term for inflammation of the tonsils?
Tonsilitis
What is tonsilitis?
Inflammation of the tonsils
Name this condition.
Feline odontoclastic resorptive lesions (FORL).
Where do feline odontoclastic resorptive lesions (FORL) often start?
At the subgingival neck or upper root of cheek teeth.
Can be difficult to see.
What are feline odontoclastic resorptive lesions (FORL) similar to?
Dental cavities
Prevalence of feline odontoclastic resorptive lesions (FORL) increases with…
age.
What is the cause of feline odontoclastic resorptive lesions (FORL)?
Idiopathic - no known cause.
What is the old name for equine odontoclastic tooth resorption and hypercementosis (EOTRH)?
Cementoblastoma
What does equine odontoclastic tooth resorption and hypercementosis (EOTRH) target?
Canines and incisors
Name the condition.
Equine odontoclastic tooth resorption and hypercementosis (EOTRH)
Name the condition.
Equine odontoclastic tooth resorption and hypercementosis (EOTRH)
Name this condition. What species is this common in?
Odontogenic dysplasia
Rodents (hypsodont teeth)
What is odontogenic dysplasia?
Dysplastic growth of molar teeth seen in rodents. Tooth grows backwards into the bone.
Results in malocclusion, hypersalivation, emaciation.
What parts of the teeth are affected by odontogenic dysplasia?
Affects enamel, dentin and cementum.
How is odontogenic dysplasia detected on PE?
Can palpate nodular hard swellings along the ventral mandible or along dorsal surface of the maxilla.
Name the condition.
Odontogenic dysplasia
What is another name for chronic ulcerative paradental stomatitis (CUPS)?
Kissing ulcers
What is the cause of chronic ulcerative paradental stomatitis (CUPS)?
Thought to be a hypersensitivity reaction to gram negative bacteria associated with periodontal disease.
What what species is most commonly affected by chronic ulcerative paradental stomatitis (CUPS)?
Most common in middle aged white breed dogs
What are the gross lesions of chronic ulcerative paradental stomatitis (CUPS)?
- Buccal ulceration in areas of contact between mucosal and teeth affected by gingivitis, plaque and calculus
- Maxillary canine and carnassial teeth usually most severely affected
Name the condition.
Chronic ulcerative paradental stomatitis (CUPS)
Aka. Kissing ulcers
Which teeth are most affected by chronic ulcerative paradental stomatitis (CUPS)?
Maxillary canine and carnassial teeth usually most severely affected
What is the causative agent of oral necrobacillosis?
Fusobacterium necrophorum
An anaerobic bacteria that is a secondary invader to mucosal damage.
Name the condition and the causative agent.
Oral necrobacillosis caused by fusobacterium necrophorum.
How does invasion with fusobacterium necrophorum occur? What does it cause?
Fusobacterium necrophorum invades secondary to mucosal damage on the buccal or pharyngeal mucosa, the larynx, or tonsils.
Predisposing diseases include trauma, IBR, papular stomatitis.
Causes oral necrobacillosis.
Name the condition. How would you confirm this diagnosis?
Oral necrobacillosis. Can be confirmed with anaerobic culture or histology.
What type of bacteria is fusobacterium necrophorum?
Anaerobic.
Which age group will more commonly get systemic disease as a result of fusobacterium necrophorum? What is the consequence of systemic disease?
More common in young animals, can be fatal if infection is systemic.
What are the gross lesions of oral necrobacillosis?
- Yellow gray, well-demarcated necrosis with a hyperemic rim
- Necrotic material may be slightly raised above the surface
- Often a dry appearance with multiple rings of colour (‘flower like)
What are the histologic lesions of oral necrobacillosis?
Bacteria arranged into long thin filaments.
Name this condition.
Oral necrobacillosis
Caused by fusobacterium necrophorum, an anaerobic bacteria.
Name this condition.
Oral necrobacillosis
Caused by fusobacterium necrophorum, an anaerobic bacteria.
What is the cause of wooden tongue?
Caused by the gram negative bacterium Actinobacillus lignieresii which is a part of normal oral flora (trauma allows penetration of bacteria).
Aka. Actinobacillosis
What is another term for oral necrobacillosis?
Calf diptheria
How can you tell lumpy jaw and wooden tongue apart?
Actinomyces bovis (causes lumpy jaw) is gram positive, Actinobacillus lignieresii (causes wooden tongue) is gram negative.
What is wooden tongue?
Infectious disease caused by gram negative bacteria (Actinobacillus lignieresii). Tongue becomes swollen and hard, may extend to other parts of the oral cavity and the lymph nodes.
What should be done when culturing Actinobacillus lignieresii?
Can be difficult to culture, crushing the sulfur granules helps, tell the lab you are looking specifically for these agents. Needs to be specifically an anaerobic culture.
What are the histologic signs of wooden tongue?
Histologically see pyogranulomatous inflammation and Splendore-Hoeppli (sulfur granules)
What species are affected by wooden tongue?
Cattle, sheep, pigs, also wild ruminants
What is this histologic lesion? What condition is this associated with?
Splendore-Hoeppli (sulfur granules)
Associated with wooden tongue.
Where does oral candidiasis occur?
Can happen anywhere in the keratinized portion of the GIT so oral cavity, esophagus, stomach (varies with the species).
What is the causative agent of oral candidiasis?
Candida albicans
What are the gross features of oral candidiasis?
Pale yellow to gray pseudomembrane overlying oral mucosa, especially at the back of the tongue
What are the histologic features of oral candidiasis?
Proliferation of yeast and hyphae within keratinized layer
What are the big 4 vesicular stomatitides?
- Foot and mouth disease
- Vesicular stomatitis
- Vesicular exanthema of swine
- Swine vesicular disease
Which of the big 4 is NOT reportable?
Vesicular exanthema of swine.
Why are the big 4 important?
- All are viruses
- Can look identical grossly and histologically
- All have high morbidity but low mortality
- ALMOST all are reportable diseases (vesicular exanthema of swine is the exception)
- Trade implications and production limiting
What is a vesicle?
Accumulation of serous fluid usually between the epithelium and lamina propria.
Vesicles are usually short lived and rupture to form ulcers.
< 0.5 cm = vesicle
> 0.5 cm = bullae
What is the fate of a vesicle?
Ruptures to become ulcers.
What are the causes of vesicles in dogs and cats vs in food animals?
Dogs & cats - Immune mediated diseases.
Food animals - Usually viral.
Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD)
Species? Location? Cause?
Cause: Foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV), a picornavirus
Species: All animals with cloven hooves (divided hooves) and asiatic black bears
Location: Enzootic in Africa, Asia, Europe, South America
Which common species is not affected by foot and mouth disease?
Horses
Only cloven hooved animals affected.
What are the clinical signs of foot and mouth disease?
- Vesicle formation in and around the mouth, on the feet, mammary glands
- High morbidity, low mortallity
- Production loss
- Fever
- Hoof sloughing can occur
What causes the high mortality in neonates infected with FMD?
Myocarditis
How environmentally stable is FMDV? What can inactivate it?
Can persist in the environment for weeks
Inactivated by sunlight, drying and high temperature
How can FMD be definitively diagnosed?
Requires virus isolation - testing is done through CFIA.
Vesicular stomatitis
Cause? Location? Species?
Cause: Caused by vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), family rhabdoviridae
Location: Enzootic in Central and South America. Sporadic in North America.
Species: Horses, cattle, pigs, wildlife, humans (zoonotic)
What are the clinical signs of vesicular stomatitis?
- Vesicles in the oral cavity > feet, mammary gland
- Animals may froth at the mouth
Which food animal species are not affected by vesicular stomatits?
Goats and sheep
Name the condition.
Vesicular stomatits
Vesicular Exanthema of Swine
Cause? Species?
Cause: Caused by vesicular exanthema of swine virus (VESV), family Caliciviridae
Species: Pigs and sea lions (San Miguel Sea Lion Virus)
Name the condition. What other species can be infected? How does transmission occur?
Vesicular Exanthema of Swine = San Miguel Sea Lion Virus
Potential for transmission to pigs if fed uncooked ocean origin fish.
Swine Vesicular Disease
Cause? Species? Location?
Cause: Swine vesicular disease virus (SVDV), an enterovirus
Species: Pigs
Location: Italy, Hong Kong, UK, Europe, Asia
What are the clinical signs of swine vesicular disease?
- Vesicles on the coronary bands and heels > oral cavity and mammary glands
- Can cause nonsuppurative meningoencephalomyelitis
Seneca valley virus affects which species?
Swine
What type of virus is seneca valley virus?
Picornavirus.
What is a potential infectious cause of vesicular stomatitis in felines?
Feline calicivirus can cause lingual and oropharyngeal ulcers that start as vesicles.
What is the cause of bovine papular stomatitis?
Bovine papular stomatitis virus, a parapox virus.
Bovine papular stomatitis is seen in…
calves.
What does the presence of bovine papular stomatitis indicate?
It is usually not clinically significant but can indicate underlying immunosuppression (ex. colostrum deficiency).
What are the gross lesions associated with bovine papular stomatitis?
- Targets **hard and soft palate and around the teeth **
- Begins as a round macule 0.2 – 2.0 cm in diameter
- Center becomes elevated over time and tan with a red rim (targetoid)
Describe the lesions seen in this cow. What is the condition called?
Targetoid lesions that are tan in colour with a distinct red rim on the mucosa surrounding the teeth and on the hard palate.
What is an important consideration if bovine papular stomatitis is suspected?
It is zoonotic
What are the histologic lesions of bovine papular stomatitis?
Epidermal hyperplasia with ballooning degeneration
Name the condition and the characteristic lesion in the image.
Bovine papular stomatitis.
Targetoid lesions on the palate and around the teeth.
What is another term for orf?
Contagious ecthyma
What is another term for contagious ecthyma?
Orf
What is the cause of orf (contagious ecthyma)?
Parapox virus
Is orf zoonotic?
Yes babe
What are the gross lesions of orf (contagious ecthyma)?
Proliferative scabby lesions on the lips, face, udder, and feet that can extend into the oral cavity
Name the condition and which species it effects.
Orf (contagious ecthyma)
Sheep, goats, humans.
Name the condition and describe its defining lesion in the image.
Orf (contagious ecthyma).
Proliferative scabby lesions on the lips.
What are other potential causes of ulcerative stomatitis in bovines (important ddx for the vesicular diseases)?
- Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV)
- Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF)
- Rinderpest
What is a non-infectious cause of vesicular stomatitis in small animals (generally)?
Immune mediated diseases - it is the result of auto-antibodies against some component of the epidermis or lamina propria.
What is the pathogenesis of vesicular stomatitis caused by immune mediated disease in small animals?
Auto-antibodies target a component of the epidermis or lamina propria, leading to clefting between cells that progresses to vesicles and ulcers.
What are eosinophilic ulcers?
Well-demarcated, shallow ulcers with elevated margins, primarily the upper lip to either side of midline in cats.
What do eosinophilic ulcers target in cats?
The mucocuaneous junction of the lips.
What are the gross lesions of eosinophilic ulcers?
Well-demarcated, shallow ulcers with elevated margins, primarily the upper lip to either side of midline.
Name the condition.
Feline eosinophilic ulcers
What sign of uremia is present in the mouth?
Uremic ulcers. Dirty gray-brown ulcers on the gums, lateral tongue, inner lips and cheeks.
Name the lesion and the condition it is associated with.
Uremic ulcers.
Associated with chronic renal disease.
Problems with salivary glands are commonly …. (type)
Functional, not infectious.
What is the name for inflammation of the salivary gland?
Sialoadenitis
What is sialoadenitis?
Inflammation of the salivary gland.
What is a ranula?
- Partial or complete obstruction of a salivary duct leading to duct dilation
- Results in a smooth, round, fluctuant mass on the floor of the mouth
What is a sialocele?
- Accumulation of salivary secretions in soft tissue of the mouth or neck
- Result of trauma and rupture of a duct
- Not lined by duct epithelium
What is a sialolith?
Concretions within the salivary gland.
What is the term for concretions within the salivary gland?
Sialolith
What is the term for an accumulation of salivary secretions in soft tissue of the mouth or neck?
Sialocele
What is the term for a partial or complete obstruction of a salivary duct leading to duct dilation?
Ranula
What breed is predisposed to diffuse fibrous hyperplasia of the oral cavity?
Boxers
Name the condition.
Diffuse fibrous hyperplasia
List the potential benign tumors of the oral cavity.
- Oral papillomatosis
- Fibromatous epulis of periodontal ligament origin (FEPLO)
What is oral papillomatosis?
Warts that are commonly on the skin but can extend into the mouth.
Dogs = canine papillomavirus 1
Bovine = papillomavirus 4
Horses = Equus caballus papillomavirus type 1
What age group is affected by oral papillomatosis?
Young animals
What is the treatment for oral papillomatosis?
None, it usually spontaneously regresses.
What are the gross lesions of oral papillomatosis?
Multifocal, proliferative, cauliflower-like.
Name the condition. Is it benign or malignant?
Oral papillomatosis, benign.
What is another term for fibromatous epulis of periodontal ligament origin (FEPLO)?
POF (peripheral odontogenic fibroma) or epulis
What species is fibromatous epulis of periodontal ligament origin (FEPLO) most common in?
Dogs
What are the gross lesions of fibromatous epulis of periodontal ligament origin (FEPLO)?
- Firm gray-pink nodular lesions often between teeth or from the hard palate
- Mushroom shaped, smooth surface
- Most common around carnassial and canine teeth
DOES NOT INVADE THE BONE. benign
What is canine acanthomatous ameloblastoma (CAA)?
An odontogenic tumor of ameloblasts in dogs that invades bone (malignant)
ONLY in dogs
Is canine acanthomatous ameloblastoma (CAA) benign or malignant?
Malignant
Invades bone
How can you tell apart FEPLO and CAA as they can look identical?
- Radiographs (CAA invades bone, FEPLO does not)
- Effect on teeth (displacement?)
- Biopsy
Does canine acanthomatous ameloblastoma commonly metastasize?
No, it does not metastasize but it is locally agressive (invades bone).
What are the 3 most common non-odontogenic tumors of the oral cavity in dogs?
- Melanoma
- Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)
- Fibrosarcoma (FSC)
What are the 4 most common non-odontogenic tumors of the oral cavity in cats?
- Squamous cell carcinoma (60-70% of all oral tumors)
- Fibrosarcoma
- Lymphoma
- Melanoma
Poor prognosis in cats!!!!!!
What is the condition (most likely)?
Canine acanthomatous ameloblastoma (CAA)
Tooth displacement so more likely CAA than FEPLO.
Malignant melanoma is the most common oral tumor of which species?
Dogs
Rare in cats
How does malignant melanoma appear on histology?
- Variable pigmentation
- Extremely variable appearance = risk of misdiagnosis
Does oral melanoma often metastasize?
Yes, it is agressive and has often metastasized by the time of diagnosis.
What is a technique to identify oral melanoma on necropsy?
Smear test
If a section of a mass is rubbed on a surface it will leave a black residue.
Name the condition.
Malignant melanoma
Oral fibrosarcomas are most common in…
Young, large breed dogs.
Especially golden retrievers.
What does the term high-low fibrosarcoma mean?
Histologically low grade, behaviorally high grade.
Bland histologic appearance but invasive rapid growth with invasion.
