Algemmeine Tiere- 2. Physioökologie: Flashcards
Physioökologie
Study of physiological adjustment mechanisems of an organisem to its environment
Autökologie (population ecology)
connection between the species to its environement (occurence, preferece, tolerance)
Toreance range
every species has a tolerance rate for environmental factors that define his distribution
why is actual =/= potential distribution?
more organisems compete on the same resourses
response to stress - changing environmental factors
changes in time: minutes ->weeks, generations, evolutionary time
eurotherm
adapt to wide temp range, can live in changing condiotions
stenotherm
adapt to narrow temp range, can only live in a limited place, strong connection to habitat
thermophil
likes heat, grows well
thermophob
can’t tolerate high tempratures
How is temprature influencing the organisem?
anzyme denaturation - 40-70 degrees (not in bacteria)
anzyme activity - inactive -5deg
anzyme-substrate affinity (michaelis - where Km is the lowest is ideal temp)
Homeotherm
“warm blood” - keep blood temp constant (higher then environment mostly) using metabolisem. endotherm 36-42 degrees
What does constant blood temprature require?
losing energy (metabolism, sweat), isolation, lost of moistior
Poikilotherm / ectotherm
“cold blood” - body temprature changing according to environment. useing behavior to change temp, no inner mechanisems and their effectivity depends on environemnt
Heterothermy
can change between endo (homeotherm) and ecto (poikilotherm). Can make different temp in different body parts, including reduced activity (torpor)
Heat balance in the organizem
Hs = Hm (metabolic) ± Hcd (conduction - solid) ± Hcv (convection - liquid / gas) ± Hr (radiation) – He (evaporation)
Hcd (conduction - solid) vs. Hcv (convection - liquid / gas)
Hcd - transformation of molecules, hit a near molecule and tremble it.
Hcv - tranformation of particals, the material itself is moving
systems to regulate temprature
- sweat (efficient, but losing water and salts too)
- panting (no salts lost, but requires energy and co2 lose is dangerous)
- change of fur
- store of air in fur or feathers
- step on one foot at a time
- dig in the sand (colder)
torpor state
low physiological activity (winter sleep - long torpor)
Hypothermia
in Homeotherm - too high body temp. Blubber in wales helps to cool using body fat.
Bergmann’s law
the weight of homeotherm weight to their habitat’s temp: colder = fatter (less surface for volume, less heat loss)
Allen’s law
size of limbs to temp: colder = smaller
White bears in pole vs. black birds in desert
The body of the bear is black, long wave radiation is heating body itself.
Hcv - heat from bird’s body can evaporate in wind.
hyperosmotic
salts>water (sweet water fish)
hypoosmotic
salts
isoosmotic
salts=water (most marine invertabrates. Danger: So4 needs to be removed)
Aquatic creatures loses and gains
lose: diffusion accross gills, skin, urin, production of sexual gamets
gain: food+drink across gills, skin, oxidative metobolisem
marine water adjustments to too much salts
they don’t drink seewater and get all water from food, hyperosmotic urin - get rid of unnssecery salts, special salt secretion gland in birds / tutles
How do terstraial animals deal with losing water while breathing?
thick skin with scales (reptiles) kutikila from chitin (arthropoda) living in wet environment (amphibians) coccon fast rate breathing
