Algemmeine Tiere- 2. Physioökologie:

Question 1

Physioökologie

Answer 1

Study of physiological adjustment mechanisems of an organisem to its environment

Question 2

Autökologie (population ecology)

Answer 2

connection between the species to its environement (occurence, preferece, tolerance)

Question 3

Toreance range

Answer 3

every species has a tolerance rate for environmental factors that define his distribution

Question 4

why is actual =/= potential distribution?

Answer 4

more organisems compete on the same resourses

Question 5

response to stress - changing environmental factors

Answer 5

changes in time: minutes ->weeks, generations, evolutionary time

Question 6

eurotherm

Answer 6

adapt to wide temp range, can live in changing condiotions

Question 7

stenotherm

Answer 7

adapt to narrow temp range, can only live in a limited place, strong connection to habitat

Question 8

thermophil

Answer 8

likes heat, grows well

Question 9

thermophob

Answer 9

can’t tolerate high tempratures

Question 10

How is temprature influencing the organisem?

Answer 10

anzyme denaturation - 40-70 degrees (not in bacteria)
anzyme activity - inactive -5deg
anzyme-substrate affinity (michaelis - where Km is the lowest is ideal temp)

Question 11

Homeotherm

Answer 11

“warm blood” - keep blood temp constant (higher then environment mostly) using metabolisem. endotherm 36-42 degrees

Question 12

What does constant blood temprature require?

Answer 12

losing energy (metabolism, sweat), isolation, lost of moistior

Question 13

Poikilotherm / ectotherm

Answer 13

“cold blood” - body temprature changing according to environment. useing behavior to change temp, no inner mechanisems and their effectivity depends on environemnt

Question 14

Heterothermy

Answer 14

can change between endo (homeotherm) and ecto (poikilotherm). Can make different temp in different body parts, including reduced activity (torpor)

Question 15

Heat balance in the organizem

Answer 15

Hs = Hm (metabolic) ± Hcd (conduction - solid) ± Hcv (convection - liquid / gas) ± Hr (radiation) – He (evaporation)

Question 16

Hcd (conduction - solid) vs. Hcv (convection - liquid / gas)

Answer 16

Hcd - transformation of molecules, hit a near molecule and tremble it.
Hcv - tranformation of particals, the material itself is moving

Question 17

systems to regulate temprature

Answer 17

• sweat (efficient, but losing water and salts too)
• panting (no salts lost, but requires energy and co2 lose is dangerous)
• change of fur
• store of air in fur or feathers
• step on one foot at a time
• dig in the sand (colder)

Question 18

torpor state

Answer 18

low physiological activity (winter sleep - long torpor)

Question 19

Hypothermia

Answer 19

in Homeotherm - too high body temp. Blubber in wales helps to cool using body fat.

Question 20

Bergmann’s law

Answer 20

the weight of homeotherm weight to their habitat’s temp: colder = fatter (less surface for volume, less heat loss)

Question 21

Allen’s law

Answer 21

size of limbs to temp: colder = smaller

Question 22

White bears in pole vs. black birds in desert

Answer 22

The body of the bear is black, long wave radiation is heating body itself.
Hcv - heat from bird’s body can evaporate in wind.

Question 23

hyperosmotic

Answer 23

salts>water (sweet water fish)

Question 24

hypoosmotic

Answer 24

salts

Question 25

isoosmotic

Answer 25

salts=water (most marine invertabrates. Danger: So4 needs to be removed)

Question 26

Aquatic creatures loses and gains

Answer 26

lose: diffusion accross gills, skin, urin, production of sexual gamets
gain: food+drink across gills, skin, oxidative metobolisem

Question 27

marine water adjustments to too much salts

Answer 27

they don’t drink seewater and get all water from food, hyperosmotic urin - get rid of unnssecery salts, special salt secretion gland in birds / tutles

Question 28

How do terstraial animals deal with losing water while breathing?

Answer 28

thick skin with scales (reptiles)
kutikila from chitin (arthropoda)
living in wet environment (amphibians)
coccon
fast rate breathing