Aldehydes & Ketones Flashcards

1
Q

A ketone has ______ alkyl group(s) bonded to the carbonyl

A

Two

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2
Q

An aldehyde has ______ alkyl group(s) bonded to the carbonyl

A

One.

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3
Q

What is bound to the carbonyl of an aldehyde

A

An alkyl group and a hydrogen

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4
Q

If an aldehyde is attached to a ring the suffix _________ is used

A

Carbaldehyde

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5
Q

Ketones are named by replacing -e with the suffix_______

A

-one

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6
Q

What takes priority in naming, Carboxylic acids or Ketones?

A

Carboxylic acids

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7
Q

What prefix do you use when a ketone is a substituent?

A

-oxo or -keto

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8
Q

Do ketones and aldehydes act as electrophiles or nucleophiles? Why?

A

Electrophiles because the carbonyl carbon is partially positive due to the double bond between the oxygen and carbon pulling electrons away from carbon

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9
Q

Why is the dipole of carbonyl stronger than that in an alcohol?

A

The double bond in carbonyl is more electron withdrawing than the single bond between oxygen and hydrogen in alcohols.

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10
Q

Why are aldehydes more reactive to nucleophiles than ketones?

A

Less steric hinderance and less electron donating from alkyl groups

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11
Q

How can an aldehyde be produced from an alcohol

A

partial oxidation of a primary alcohol using PCC

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12
Q

How can a ketone be obtained from an alcohol?

A

From oxidation of a secondary alcohol with reagents including potassium or sodium dichromate salts and Chromium Trioxide

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13
Q

Why is the carbonyl carbon good for a nucleophilic attack?

A

It has a partial positive charge due to the electron withdrawing, Oxygen pulls electrons from carbon.

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14
Q

What type of bond forms as a result of a nucleophile attacking a electrophile?

A

A covalent bond is formed between the carbonyl carbon and nucleophile, breaking the double bond in the carbonyl

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15
Q

Breaking the pi bond of a carbonyl forms what type of molecular geometry intermediate?

A

Tetrahedral

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16
Q

If no good leaving group is present when a nucleophile attacks a ketone or aldehyde what forms?

A

An alcohol, the oxygen accepts a proton

17
Q

If a good leaving group is present when a nucleophile attacks what happen?

A

Carbonyl reforms pushing off the leaving group

18
Q

What is the result of a nucleophilic addition to a ketone or aldehyde?

A

An alcohol, no good leaving group available to leave so carbonyl does not reform

19
Q

What is the result of a nucleophilic attack on a carboxylic acid?

A

Reformation of a carbonyl pushing off the LG

20
Q

A nucleophilic addition to a ketone or aldehyde results int what type of molecule

A

an alcohol, with the nucleophile attached

21
Q

In the presence of water aldehydes and ketones react to form

A

geminal diols

22
Q

What is the result of a ketone or aldehyde nucleophilic addition in the presence of water

A

a geminal diol

23
Q

Nucleophilic addition of an aldehyde or ketone with an alcohol results in

A

a hemiacetal or hemiketal

24
Q

When two equivalents of alcohol with an anhydrous acid are added to ketones and aldehydes what is formed as a result?

A

Ketal and acetal by a nucleophilic substitution reaction

25
SN1 reactions are also known as nucleophilic _____ reactions because______
Substitution, the Nucleophile comes in THEN the leaving group leaves
26
How is an acetal formed from a hemiacetal?
Addition of another alcohol in the presence of an anhydrous acid that
27
What is the benefit of protonating a hydroxyl group of an alcohol and making it into water?
It makes it a better leaving group Protonating alcohol forms a water which is a good leaving group LG's are more stable with an extra set of electrons
28
What forms when a ketone or aldehyde reacts with ammonium (NH3+)
Imine
29
Do nitrogens and nitrogen containing groups act as nucleophiles or electrophiles? Why?
Nucleophiles, because the lone pair of electrons on nitrogen
30
When ammonia adds to the carbonyl carbon what molecule is lost?
a water molecule
31
Cyanohydrins are formed by reacting what molecules?
Hydrogen Cyanide and ketones or aldehydes