Alcohols, Halogenoalkanes and Analysis

Question 0

Primary Alcohol

Answer 0

-OH group is attached to a carbon with one methyl group attached

Question 1

General formula for alcohols

Answer 1

CnH2n+1OH

Question 2

Secondary Alcohol

Answer 2

-OH group is attached to a carbon with two methyl groups attached

Question 3

Tertiary Alcohol

Answer 3

-OH group is attached to a carbon with three methyl groups attached

Question 4

Volatility of Alcohols

Answer 4

Low

Because the hydrogen bonds between the molecules need a lot of energy to break

[the tendency to evaporate]

Question 5

Alcohols Miscibility with Water

Answer 5

Hydrogen bonds form between the -OH group and the water.

As alcohols increase in size their miscibility decreases
Bc larger molecules are mainly made up of the non-polar carbon chain

Question 6

Uses of Ethanol

Answer 6

In alcoholic drinks

As a solvent in the form of methylated spirits

Question 7

Uses of Methanol

Answer 7

As a petrol additive to improve combustion

As a feedstock in production of organic chemicals

Question 8

Steam Hydration of Ethene

Answer 8

C2H4 + H2O –> C2H5OH

300 degrees
60 atm
H3PO4

Question 9

Fermentation

Answer 9

C6H12O6 –> 2C2H5OH + 2CO2

yeast
37 degrees

Question 10

Dehydration of Alcohols

Answer 10

ethanol –> ethene + water

170 degrees
acid catalyst- H3PO4 or H2SO4

Question 11

Oxidising agents

Answer 11

K2Cr2O7

H2SO4

Question 12

Oxidising a Primary Alcohol

Answer 12

First oxidised to a aldehyde

Oxidised further to a carboxylic acid [reflux]

Question 13

Oxidising to an Aldehyde

Answer 13

Distillation

ethanol + [O] –> ethanal + water

Question 14

Oxidising to a Carboxylic Acid

Answer 14

Heated under reflux, higher temperatures

ethanol + 2[O] –> ethanoic acid + water

Question 15

Oxidation of Secondary Alcohols

Answer 15

secondary alcohol + [O] –> ketone + water

under reflux

Question 16

Oxidation of Tertiary Alcohols

Answer 16

No reaction

Question 17

Esterification

Answer 17

Heating a carboxylic acid with an alcohol, you produce an ester

In the presence of a strong acid catalyst

Question 18

Esterification equation

Answer 18

carboxylic acid + alcohol ester + water

Question 19

What are Halogenoalkanes

Answer 19

An alkane with at least one halogen in place of a hydrogen atom

Question 20

CFCs uses

Answer 20

• aerosols
• in air conditioning
• fridges

bc of low reactivity, volatility and non-toxicity

Question 21

What damage have CFCs caused

Answer 21

Destroying the ozone layer

Question 22

What are being used as alternatives for CFCs?

Answer 22

HCFCs and HFCs