Alcohols & Carbonyls

Question 1

How are oxidation numbers calculated?

Answer 1

C-O are +1
C=O are +2
C-H are -1
C-C are neutral

Question 2

What are two good reducing agents?

Answer 2

LiAlH4 and NaBH4

Question 3

_ are formed upon complete reduction of carbonyls

Answer 3

Alcohols

Question 4

Why are carbonyl groups so reactive?

Answer 4

The resonance structures give the carbon a partial positive charge, allowing it to act as an electrophile

Question 5

Primary alcohols are oxidized to …, which further oxidize to …

Answer 5

aldehydes

carboxylic acids

Question 6

What can be used to stop oxidation of aldehydes or ketones?

Answer 6

PCC (pyidinium chlorochromate)

Question 7

Secondary alcohols give … upon oxidation

Answer 7

ketones

Question 8

Tertiary alcohols…

Answer 8

do not typically oxidize

Question 9

Why must a solution be dry when using Grignard reagents?

Answer 9

They act as extremely strong bases and will react with water or acids present

Question 10

What is a main purpose of Grignard reactions?

Answer 10

To combine carbon chains with a Grignard reagent and an electron-rich carbon

Question 11

Why can’t Grignard reagents contain electrophilic functionalities?

Answer 11

It would cause an acid-base reaction to occur instead of a nucleophilic attack on a carbon