Alcohols, Aldehydes, Ketones Flashcards
Methanol Strucutre
Methanol
Methanol characteristics
Methanol: CH3OH toxic, blinding, danger of death
Ethanol structure
Ethanol
Ethanol Properties
CH3 CH2OH - euphoric, narcotic effect. Habitudinal drug – most often toximania (drug addiction).
Glycerol
Glycerol
Glycerol Properties
Ethylene glycol (IUPAC name: ethane-1,2-diol)
Ethylene glycol (IUPAC name: ethane-1,2-diol)
1,2-ethandiol (ethylene glycol)
Properties
toxic, heavy poisons, harmful for kidneys.
Glycols are parts of antifreeze mixtures for cooling systems automobile radiator („Fridex“) - sweet –soluble in water.
Enol definition
Enols, or more formally, alkenols, are a type of reactive structure or intermediate in organic chemistry that is represented as an alkene (olefin) with a hydroxyl group attached to one end of the alkene double bond.
In organic chemistry, keto–enol tautomerism refers to a chemical equilibrium between a keto form (a ketone or an aldehyde) and an enol (an alcohol). The keto and enol forms are said to be tautomers of each other. The interconversion of the two forms involves the movement of an alpha hydrogen atom and the reorganisation of bonding electrons; hence, the isomerism qualifies as tautomerism
Cyclohexanol (inositol): Biologically important compound, similar type as vitamins
Cyclohexanol (inositol) Properties
- Inositol, or more precisely myo-inositol, is a carbocyclic sugar that is abundant in brain and other mammalian tissues; it mediates cell signal transduction in response to a variety of hormones, neurotransmitters, and growth factors and participates in osmoregulation
- . It is made naturally in humans from glucose
Cyclohexanol (inositol)
Sphingosine (sphingenine)
- is an 18-carbon amino alcohol with an unsaturated hydrocarbon chain, which forms a primary part of sphingolipids, a class of cell membrane lipids that include sphingomyelin, an important phospholipid.
Sphingosine (sphingenine)
Ethanolamine
- 2-aminoethanol, monoethanolamine
- containing both a primary amine and a primary alcohol
- ts derivatives are widespread in nature; e.g., lipids, as precursor of a variety of N-acylethanolamines (NAEs)
- A class of antihistamines is identified as ethanolamines, which includes carbinoxamine, clemastine, dimenhydrinate, Chlorphenoxamine, diphenhydramine and doxylamine
- Ethanolamine is biosynthesized by decarboxylation of serine
Ethanolamine
Choline
- Choline occurs as a cation that forms various salts (X− in the depicted formula is an undefined counteranion).
- an essential nutrient for humans and many other animals
- Choline is often not classified as a vitamin, but as a nutrient with an amino acid–like metabolism.
- In most animals, choline phospholipids are necessary components in cell membranes, in the membranes of cell organelles, and in very low-density lipoproteins
- Choline is required to produce acetylcholine – a neurotransmitter – and S-adenosylmethionine, a universal methyl donor involved in the synthesis of homocysteine.[
Choline
Benzaldehyde
Benzaldehyde
Aromatic aldehydes + primary amines=?
Schiff base
Formaldehyde
Formaldehyde
- (systematic name methanal)
- The pure compound is a pungent-smelling colourless gas that polymerises spontaneously into paraformaldehyde (refer to section Forms below), hence it is stored as an aqueous solution (formalin). It is the simplest of the aldehydes (R−CHO).
- The common name of this substance comes from its similarity and relation to formic acid.
Acetaldehyde
Acetaldehyde
- (systematic name ethanal
- occurs naturally in coffee, bread, and ripe fruit,[10] and is produced by plants.
- It is also produced by the partial oxidation of ethanol by the liver enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase and is a contributing cause of hangover after alcohol consumption
- Consumption of disulfiram inhibits acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, the enzyme responsible for the metabolism of acetaldehyde, thereby causing it to build up in the body.
- The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has listed acetaldehyde as a Group 1 carcinogen.
Glyceraldehyde
Glyceraldehyde
- is a triose monosaccharide with chemical formula C3H6O3.
- It is the simplest of all common aldoses. I
Acetone
Acetone
- propanone, is an organic compound with the formula (CH3)2CO.[15]
- It is the simplest and smallest ketone
- Like most ketones, acetone exhibits the keto–enol tautomerism (enol= (prop-1-en-2-ol))
Biosynthesis
Small amounts of acetone are produced in the body by the decarboxylation of ketone bodies. Certain dietary patterns, including prolonged fasting and high-fat low-carbohydrate dieting, can produce ketosis, in which acetone is formed in body tissue. Certain health conditions, such as alcoholism and diabetes, can produce ketoacidosis, uncontrollable ketosis that leads to a sharp, and potentially fatal, increase in the acidity of the blood. Since it is a byproduct of fermentation, acetone is a byproduct of the distillery industry.
Acetone can be produced from the oxidation of ingested isopropanol, or from the spontaneous/enzymatic breakdown of acetoacetate (a ketone body) in ketotic individuals.
