Alcohols, Aldehydes, Ketones

Question 1

Methanol Strucutre

Answer 1

Question 2

Answer 2

Methanol

Question 3

Methanol characteristics

Answer 3

Methanol: CH3OH toxic, blinding, danger of death

Question 4

Ethanol structure

Answer 4

Question 5

Answer 5

Ethanol

Question 6

Ethanol Properties

Answer 6

CH3 CH2OH - euphoric, narcotic effect. Habitudinal drug – most often toximania (drug addiction).

Question 7

Glycerol

Answer 7

Question 8

Answer 8

Glycerol

Question 9

Glycerol Properties

Answer 9

Question 10

Ethylene glycol (IUPAC name: ethane-1,2-diol)

Answer 10

Question 11

Answer 11

Ethylene glycol (IUPAC name: ethane-1,2-diol)

Question 12

1,2-ethandiol (ethylene glycol)

Properties

Answer 12

toxic, heavy poisons, harmful for kidneys.

Glycols are parts of antifreeze mixtures for cooling systems automobile radiator („Fridex“) - sweet –soluble in water.

Question 13

Enol definition

Answer 13

Enols, or more formally, alkenols, are a type of reactive structure or intermediate in organic chemistry that is represented as an alkene (olefin) with a hydroxyl group attached to one end of the alkene double bond.

In organic chemistry, keto–enol tautomerism refers to a chemical equilibrium between a keto form (a ketone or an aldehyde) and an enol (an alcohol). The keto and enol forms are said to be tautomers of each other. The interconversion of the two forms involves the movement of an alpha hydrogen atom and the reorganisation of bonding electrons; hence, the isomerism qualifies as tautomerism

Question 14

Answer 14

Cyclohexanol (inositol): Biologically important compound, similar type as vitamins

Question 15

Cyclohexanol (inositol) Properties

Answer 15

• Inositol, or more precisely myo-inositol, is a carbocyclic sugar that is abundant in brain and other mammalian tissues; it mediates cell signal transduction in response to a variety of hormones, neurotransmitters, and growth factors and participates in osmoregulation
• • . It is made naturally in humans from glucose

Question 16

Cyclohexanol (inositol)

Answer 16

Question 17

Sphingosine (sphingenine)

Answer 17

• is an 18-carbon amino alcohol with an unsaturated hydrocarbon chain, which forms a primary part of sphingolipids, a class of cell membrane lipids that include sphingomyelin, an important phospholipid.

Question 18

Answer 18

Sphingosine (sphingenine)

Question 19

Ethanolamine

Answer 19

• 2-aminoethanol, monoethanolamine
• containing both a primary amine and a primary alcohol
• ts derivatives are widespread in nature; e.g., lipids, as precursor of a variety of N-acylethanolamines (NAEs)
• A class of antihistamines is identified as ethanolamines, which includes carbinoxamine, clemastine, dimenhydrinate, Chlorphenoxamine, diphenhydramine and doxylamine
• Ethanolamine is biosynthesized by decarboxylation of serine

Question 20

Answer 20

Ethanolamine

Question 21

Choline

Answer 21

• Choline occurs as a cation that forms various salts (X− in the depicted formula is an undefined counteranion).
• an essential nutrient for humans and many other animals
• Choline is often not classified as a vitamin, but as a nutrient with an amino acid–like metabolism.
• In most animals, choline phospholipids are necessary components in cell membranes, in the membranes of cell organelles, and in very low-density lipoproteins
• Choline is required to produce acetylcholine – a neurotransmitter – and S-adenosylmethionine, a universal methyl donor involved in the synthesis of homocysteine.[

Question 22

Answer 22

Choline

Question 23

Benzaldehyde

Answer 23

Question 24

Answer 24

Benzaldehyde

Question 25

Aromatic aldehydes + primary amines=?

Answer 25

Schiff base

Question 26

Answer 26

Formaldehyde

Question 27

Formaldehyde

Answer 27

* (systematic name methanal) * The pure compound is a pungent-smelling colourless gas that polymerises spontaneously into paraformaldehyde (refer to section Forms below), hence it is stored as an aqueous solution (formalin). It is the simplest of the aldehydes (R−CHO). * The common name of this substance comes from its similarity and relation to formic acid.

Question 28

Answer 28

Acetaldehyde

Question 29

Acetaldehyde

Answer 29

* (systematic name ethanal * occurs naturally in coffee, bread, and ripe fruit,[10] and is produced by plants. * It is also produced by the partial oxidation of ethanol by the liver enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase and is a contributing cause of hangover after alcohol consumption * Consumption of disulfiram inhibits acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, the enzyme responsible for the metabolism of acetaldehyde, thereby causing it to build up in the body. * The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has listed acetaldehyde as a Group 1 carcinogen.

Question 30

Answer 30

Glyceraldehyde

Question 31

Glyceraldehyde

Answer 31

* is a triose monosaccharide with chemical formula C3H6O3. * It is the simplest of all common aldoses. I

Question 32

Answer 32

Acetone

Question 33

Acetone

Answer 33

* propanone, is an organic compound with the formula (CH3)2CO.[15] * It is the simplest and smallest ketone * Like most ketones, acetone exhibits the keto–enol tautomerism (enol= (prop-1-en-2-ol)) Biosynthesis Small amounts of acetone are produced in the body by the decarboxylation of ketone bodies. Certain dietary patterns, including prolonged fasting and high-fat low-carbohydrate dieting, can produce ketosis, in which acetone is formed in body tissue. Certain health conditions, such as alcoholism and diabetes, can produce ketoacidosis, uncontrollable ketosis that leads to a sharp, and potentially fatal, increase in the acidity of the blood. Since it is a byproduct of fermentation, acetone is a byproduct of the distillery industry. Acetone can be produced from the oxidation of ingested isopropanol, or from the spontaneous/enzymatic breakdown of acetoacetate (a ketone body) in ketotic individuals.