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chemistry~organic chemistry > alcohol's > Flashcards

alcohol's Flashcards

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1
Q

oxidation

A

-add acidified potassium dichromate
-primary alcohols get mildly oxidised to aldehydes so colour change form orange to green
-secondary alcohols get mildly oxidised to ketones so colour change from orange to green
-tertiary alcohols do not get oxidised so no colour change and remains orange

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2
Q

oxidation of primary alcohols

A

-add acidified potassium dichromate
-primary alcohols get mildly oxidised to aldehydes so colour change form orange to green

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3
Q

oxidation of secondary alcohols

A

-add acidified potassium dichromate
-secondary alcohols get mildly oxidised to ketones so colour change from orange to green

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4
Q

oxidation of tertiary alcohols

A

-add acidified potassium dichromate
-tertiary alcohols do not get oxidised so no colour change and remains orange

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5
Q

reaction to produce alcohols (electrophilic addition)

A

reaction type:
electrophilic addition

reagents:
alkene and steam

conditions:
heat and H3PO4 catalyst

products:
alcohol

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6
Q

reaction to produce Diol (oxidation)

A

reaction type:
oxidation

Reagents:
alkenes, cold dilute KMnO4

Conditions:
shaking of reagents

product:
diol

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7
Q

reaction to produce alcohol (nucleophilic substitution)

A

reaction type:
nucleophilic substitution

Reagents:
halogenoalkanes, aqueous NaOH

Conditions:
heat

product:
alcohol

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8
Q

reaction to produce primary/secondary alcohol (reduction)

A

reaction type:
reduction

Reagents:
aldehydes/ketones

Conditions:
NaBH4 or LiAlH4

product:
primary/ secondary alcohols

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9
Q

reaction to produce a primary alcohol (reduction)

A

reaction type:
reduction

Reagents:
carboxylic acid

Conditions:
NaBH4 or LiAlH4
or
H2, Ni catalyst and heat

product:
primary alcohol

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10
Q

reaction to produce alcohol (hydrolysis)

A

reaction type:
hydrolysis

Reagents:
esters

Conditions:
dilute acid or alkali heat

product:
alcohol

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11
Q

oxidation of primary alcohols

A

-oxidised to form aldehydes which can be oxidised to form carboxylic acids

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12
Q

oxidation of ketones

A

cannot be oxidised

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13
Q

oxidation of secondary alcohols

A

oxidised to form ketones only

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14
Q

oxidation of tertiary alcohols

A

cannot be oxidised

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15
Q

acidified potassium dichromate as an oxidising agent

A

-orange oxidising agent
-gets reduced in order for it it be an oxidising agent which requires H+ ions provided by the acidic medium
-when oxidised colour change from orange to green

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16
Q

Acidified potassium manganate as an oxidising agent

A

colour change from purple to colourless when oxidised

17
Q

testing for oxidation products using Fehling’s solution

A

-Fehling’s solution is an alkaline solution contain copper(II) ions which act as the oxidising agent
-when warmed with an aldehyde it is oxidised to a carboxylic acid
-the clear blue solution turns opaque red due to the formation of a copper(1) oxide precipitate
-ketones cannot be oxidised so give a negative result

18
Q

testing for oxidation products with tollens’ reagent

A

-Tollens’ reagent is an aqueous alkaline solution of silver nitrate in excess ammonia solution
-when warmed with an aldehyde, the aldehyde is oxidised to a carboxylic acid and a sliver mirror forms
-ketones cannot be oxidised and therefore give a negative result and no silver mirror forms

19
Q

equation for combustion of alcohols

A

alcohol + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water

20
Q

how can ethanol be produced

A

fermentation of sugars

21
Q

problems with using ethanol as fuels

A

-ethanol has a lower density than gasoline so cars that run on ethanol must have a larger fuel tank or be filled up more often

22
Q

how to overcome ethanol’s low energy density

A

-blending ethanol with gasoline or diesel increases the energy density and makes it safter in case of fires as fames are easier to see

23
Q

conditions for dehydrating alcohols

A

-600 degrees c catalyst of aluminium oxide powder or porous pot
-excess hot, concentrated sulfuric acid or phosphoric acid can also be used as a catalyst (say this one as on ms it syas this as conditions for elimination reaction)

24
Q

how do dehydration reactions work

A

-water molecule if formed form the -OH group of the alcholhol and the H+ from the acid catalyst
-the neighbouring hydrogen is then lost as a H+ ions, which regenerates the acid catalyst

25
Q

oxidation of a primary alcohol to a aldehyde

A

-add to oxidising agent and warm
-distilled as aldehyde has a lower boiling point than alcohol

26
Q

how do you oxidised a primary alcohol to a carboxylic acid

A

refluxing with excess oxidising agent

chemistry~organic chemistry (4 decks)

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