Alcohol Flashcards
Subjective Effects of Alcohol:
Alcohol is both a ___ and a ___ (Biphasic Response)
•Time and Dose
•Characteristic responses
___(Rising BAC)
- Euphoria/anxiolysis
- Talkative
- Energized
____ (Peak/Falling BAC)_
- Impaired thought processes
- Impaired coordination
- Sleepy
Subjective Effects of Alcohol:
Alcohol is both a CNS stimulat and a sedative (Biphasic Response)
•Time and Dose
•Characteristic responses
Stimulant (Rising BAC)
- Euphoria/anxiolysis
- Talkative
- Energized
Sedative (Peak/Falling BAC)
- Impaired thought processes
- Impaired coordination
- Sleepy
How are systems altered?
Direct binding to receptors
Allosteric activation
•____, ___, ____ receptors, ___ receptors
Allosteric inhibition
•____ and ____-type glutamate receptors, nicotinic receptors
- Modify ___ release
- ‘Presynaptic terminal’ targets and/or altered neuronal excitability
- Dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin
How are systems altered?
Direct binding to receptors
Allosteric activation
•GABA-A, glycine, nicotinic receptors, 5-HT3 receptors
Allosteric inhibition
•NMDA- and kainate-type glutamate receptors, nicotinic receptors
- Modify NT release
- ‘Presynaptic terminal’ targets and/or altered neuronal excitability
- Dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin
Allosteric enhancement by ethanol
____ synaptic responses from rat hippocampus are enhanced in magnitude and duration by flunitrazepam (a benzodiazepine), pento-barbital (a barbiturate), and by ethanol.
All three drugs share similar pharmacological effects: ___ and CNS __
Allosteric enhancement by ethanol
GABA-A synaptic responses from rat hippocampus are enhanced in magnitude and duration by flunitrazepam (a benzodiazepine), pento-barbital (a barbiturate), and by ethanol.
All three drugs share similar pharmacological effects: sedation and CNS depressant
Allosteric Inhibition by Ethanol
Synaptic _____ responses mediated by NMDA and kainate receptors are ___ in a non-competitive fashion
Allosteric Inhibition by Ethanol
Synaptic glutamate responses mediated by NMDA and kainate receptors are inhibited in a non-competitive fashion
Direct Effects are Mediated through Specific EtOH __ __.
•Ethanol __ ___ are located near ___ ___ regions of ion channels
Direct Effects are Mediated through Specific EtOH-Binding Sites
•Ethanol binding sites are located near membrane-spanning regions of ion channels
Acute Receptor ____ to the Direct, Allosteric Effects of Ethanol is _____ Dependent
Acute Receptor Sensitivity to the Direct, Allosteric Effects of Ethanol is Concentration Dependent
Ethanol can ‘____’ and ‘____’ different brain regions depending upon the compliment of receptors, intrinsic synaptic relationships, and connections between brain regions
Ethanol can ‘stimualte’ and ‘suppress’ different brain regions depending upon the compliment of receptors, intrinsic synaptic relationships, and connections between brain regions
EtOH increases ____ release in ___ ____ - this is similar to cocaine, but the difference is that cocaine blocks THE DA ___ (cannot reuptake) whereas EtOH stimulates ___. The end result is, however, the same – more __
EtOH increases dopamine release in nucleus accumbens - this is similar to cocaine, but the difference is that cocaine blocks THE DA transporter (cannot reuptake) whereas EtOH stimulates FIRING. The end result is, however, the same – more DA!
How does EtOH alter behavior?
- Allosteric ______ of different ligand-gated ion channels
- Modulation of _____ receptor function and ____ release
- Complex interplay between __,___, and brain ___ to produce an array of behavioral outcomes
How does EtOH alter behavior?
- Allosteric modulation of different ligand-gated ion channels
- Modulation of neurostransmitter receptor function and neurotransmitter release
- Complex interplay between time,dose, and brain region to produce an array of behavioral outcomes
Genetic & Environmental Contributions to drinking
- Genes (~___% Alcoholism risk?)
- Phenotypes
- Response
- Metabolism
- Impulsivity
- Reinforcement
- Consequences
- Dependence
Environment
- First exposure
- Coincident __ ___, ___ pressure, ___ negative outcomes
Genetic & Environmental Contributions
- Genes (~60% Alcoholism risk?)
- Phenotypes
- Response
- Metabolism
- Impulsivity
- Reinforcement
- Consequences
- Dependence
- Environment
- First exposure
- Coincident mental illness, social pressure, reduced negative outcomes
___ – “The New Normal”
Living with Alcohol Addiction
Physiological and behavioral ____ needed to maintain ‘____’ function in the continued presence of the drug —–> Facilitate _____
Allostasis – “The New Normal”
Living with Alcohol Addiction
Physiological and behavioral adaptations needed to maintain ‘normal’ function in the continued presence of the drug –> Facilitate abuse
Chronic Ethanol & ‘Allostasis’ of Neurotransmitter Receptor Function
- Up-regulation of systems inhibited by acute ethanol
•____, _____
- Down-regulation of systems facilitated by acute ethanol
•____, ____, _____
Chronic Ethanol & ‘Allostasis’ of Neurotransmitter Receptor Function
- Up-regulation of systems inhibited by acute ethanol
•Glutamate, Acetylcholine
- Down-regulation of systems facilitated by acute ethanol
•GABA, Dopamine, Serotonin
Chronic Drinking Enhances the Acute, “_____” Responses to Alcohol
Chronic Drinking Enhances the Acute, “Rewarding” Responses to Alcohol
____ Drinking Diminishes __ __
•Cognitive &
Motor Dysfunctions include:
- Problem solving
- Short term memory
- Visuospatial ability
•Balance and
postural stability
Chronic alcohol is neuro___. It can shrink __ matter.
Long-term Drinking Diminishes Brain Function
•Cognitive &
Motor Dysfunctions include:
- Problem solving
- Short term memory
- Visuospatial ability
•Balance and
postural stability
Chronic alcohol is neurotoxic It can shrink gray matter.
What are the Neurobiological Effects of Long-term Alcohol Abuse?
- Altered Subjected ____ to Alcohol
- ___ dysfunction
- Neuro___
All of these leads to addiction!
