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N928 - Basic Principles > Airway Anatomy > Flashcards

Airway Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

3 sections of airway

A

oral cavity, pharynx, larynx

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2
Q

Larynx begins and ends

A

C3 - C6

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3
Q

Trachea begins and ends

A

C6 - T5

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4
Q

Hypopharynx anatomy includes 3

A
  1. Posterior cricoid
  2. Pharyngeal wall
  3. Pyriform sinuses
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5
Q

CN innervation of oropharynx

A 
CN V - Trigeminal
- SENSORY to anterior 2/3 of tongue
CN IX - Glossopharyngeal 
- SENSORY to posterior 1/3 of tongue
CN XII - Hypoglossal (MOTOR)
- MOTOR of tongue
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6
Q

9 cartilages

A 
epiglottis
thyroid c.
cricoid c.
cuneiform cs. 
corniculate cs.
arytenoid cs.
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7
Q

Intrinsic muscles of the larynx

A
  • posterior cricoarytenoid (abducts cords)
  • lateral cricoarytenoid (adducts cords)
  • arytenoids (adducts cords)
  • cricothyroid (cord tension, closure, enlongates)
  • thyroarytenoid (shortens & relaxes)
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8
Q

Extrinsic muscles of the larynx,

2 groups

A

“Strap” muscles, depress larynx

“Up” muscles, raise larynx

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9
Q

Strap muscles

A

DEPRESS larynx

  1. Sternohyoid muscle
  2. Sternothyroid muscle
  3. omohyoid muscle
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10
Q

“up” muscles

A

RAISE larynx

  1. Mylohyoid muscle
  2. Stylohyoid muscle
  3. Thyrohyoid muscle
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11
Q

Vagus nerve divides into 2 branches to innervate larynx

A
  1. Superior Laryngeal Nerve (SLN)

2. Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve (RLN)

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12
Q

SCAR (larynx innervation) stands for

A

SLN (innervates)
Cricothyroid muscle
All others
RLN

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13
Q

Superior Laryngeal Nerve

  • sensory branch
  • motor branch
A

SIS (superior internal = sensory)

SEM (superior external = motor)

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14
Q

Upper airway structures (5)

A
  • nose
  • mouth
  • pharynx
  • hypopharynx
  • larynx
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15
Q

Lower airway structures (6)

A
  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • bronchioles
  • terminal bronchioles
  • respiratory bronchioles
  • alveoli
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16
Q

Nose function (4)

A
  • leads to nasopharynx
  • warms & humidifies gases
  • PRIMARY pathway for breathing unless [obstruction, polyps, URI]
  • nasal breathing resistance is almost 2x mouth breathing
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17
Q

Mouth

A
  • leads to oropharynx

- mouth breathing during high flow rates (ie. exercise)

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18
Q

Pharynx is …

location…

compartments

A

U-shaped fibromuscular structure

  • extends from posterior aspect of nose to the level of the cricoid cartilage

3 compartments

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19
Q

3 compartments of the pharynx

A
  1. nasopharynx
  2. oropharynx
  3. hypopharynx
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20
Q

Nasopharynx borders

A
  • anterior to C1
  • superior border is base of skull
  • inferior border is soft palate
21
Q

Nasopharynx contains (3)

A

nasal septum, turbinates, adenoids

22
Q

Airflow through the nasopharynx can be impeded by

A

tonsillar lymphoid structures

23
Q

Oropharynx borders & location

A

Lies at C2-C3

  • superior border is soft palate
  • inferior border is epiglottis
  • posterior border is tonsillar pillars
  • mouth opening is located anteriorly
24
Q

Oropharynx obstruction; major source

A

MAJOR source = tongue

d/t ↓ genioglossus muscle tone

25
Q

Hypopharynx borders

A
  • superior border is epiglottis
  • inferior border is cricoid cartilage (@ C5-C6)
  • anterior border is the larynx
26
Q

_______ lies at the lower edge of the hypopharynx and acts as a barrier to regurgitation in the conscious patient

A

upper esophageal sphincter

27
Q

Waldeyer’s Tonsillar Ring

A

lymphoid tissue ring [in pharynx] that is a high risk of bleeding, especially in nasal intubation

28
Q

Waldeyer’s Tonsillar Ring is made up of:

A
  1. Pharyngeal tonsils [aka adenoids]
  2. Palatine tonsils
  3. Lingual tonsils
29
Q

Vertebral level of the larynx

A

Adults: C3-C6
5yr old: C4-C5
Infants/Peds: C2-C4

[sits at the junction of the airway and the esophagus]

30
Q

Function of the larynx (2)

A
  1. phonation

2. valve to protect lower airways

31
Q

Larynx borders

A
  • superior border is underside of epiglottis
  • inferior border is lower level of the cricoid cartilage
  • posterior border is the mucous membrane
    [extends between arytenoid cartilage & the aryepiglottic folds (aka false vocal cords)]
32
Q

aryepiglottic cords AKA

A

false vocal cords

33
Q

Trachea location

A

beings at C6 [inferior border of cricoid cartilage]
ends at ~T5 [carina[
~10-15cm in length

16-20 cartilaginous anterior rings

34
Q

Bifurcation of Right bronchus

A

@ 25-30 degree angle

35
Q

Bifurcation of Left bronchus

A

@ 45 degree angle

36
Q

Infant/Pediatric anatomical differences [general] (3)

A
  • Head & occiput larger relative to body size
  • Short neck
  • Narrow nares
37
Q

Infant/Pediatric airway anatomical differences (4)

A
  • tongue relatively larger
  • larynx positioned higher in neck
  • epiglottis larger, stiffer, angled more posteriorly
  • cricoid ring is the NARROWEST region
38
Q

components that protect the lower airway from aspiration (3)

A
  1. pharynx
  2. epiglottis
  3. vocal cords
  • MOST IMPORTANT MECHANISM IS THE GLOTTIC CLOSURE REFLEX
39
Q

most important mechanism of airway protection

A

glottic closure reflex

40
Q

Laryngospasm

A

prolonged, intense glottic closure and an exaggeration of glottic closure reflex

41
Q

hyperextension of neck in peds

A

pushes posterior pharyngeal wall up against tongue & epiglottis

42
Q

Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle is the only muscle…..

A

that abducts the vocal cords

43
Q

Unilateral SLN damage results in

A

minimal effects

44
Q

Bilateral SLN damage results in:

A

hoarseness, vocal tiring

45
Q

Unilateral RLN damage results in:

A

hoarseness

46
Q

Bilateral RLN damage results in:

Acute vs chronic

A

Acute: stridor, respiratory distress d/t unopposed adduction/tension from the cricothyroid muscle

Chronic: Aphonia

47
Q

Vagus nerve damage effect on vocal cords

A

*both SLN & RLN will be affected

flaccid, mid-positioned cords = aphonia

48
Q

Surgeries most likely to damage RLN

A

thyroid & carotid

N928 - Basic Principles (22 decks)

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