AIRCRAFT STRUCTURE (BASICS) Flashcards
can be considered as an engine-driven fixed wing aircraft heavier-than-air that is supported in flight by the dynamic reaction of the air against its wings.
AIRPLANES
developed an efficient cambered airfoil in the early 1800s, as well as successful manned gliders later in that century. He established the principles of flight, including the existence of lift, weight, thrust, and drag.
George Cayley
can easily be recognized because of its large overhead rotor called main rotor.
ROTORCRAFT
a heavier-than-air aircraft supported in flight chiefly by the reaction of the air on one or more power-driven rotors on substantially vertical axis.
HELICOPTER
Due to its unique design of having large rotor installed on top of the fuselage with the small rotor or auxiliary rotor attached to the tail
HELICOPTER
A heavier-than-air aircraft with a freewheeling rotor and propulsion is provided by an engine and propeller mounted in either a tractor or pusher type configuration.
GYROPLANE
non-power-driven heavier-than-air aircraft, deriving its lift It is a high performance capable of remaining aloft on rising air currents.
GLIDERS
lighter-than-air aircraft that is not engine driven, and that sustains flight through the use of either gas buoyancy or an airborne heater.
FREE BALLOON
are fiber reinforced matrix system ; Matrix means a glue that holds the fiber together when cured and gives the part its desired shape
COMPOSITE
large gas balloon that rises into the air and can be steered using engine-driven propellers.
AIRSHIP
come in three broad types: rigid and semi-rigid designs use metal frames to keep the balloon’s shape, while non-rigid balloons are inflated by gas alone.
AIRSHIP
Britain, Germany, and the U.S. developed large, which were popular in the 1920s and 1930s. While the US had access to helium, other airships used highly-flammable hydrogen and many exploded in-flight, bringing passenger airship travel to an end.
PASSENGER AIRSHIPS
Germany used its famous Zeppelin airships for bombing during WWI, inspiring the British Royal Navy to create their own B-Class airships for detecting German submarines. Since then, airships have mainly been used as aerial surveillance for military forces.
MILITARY AIRSHIPS
Commercial blimps have been used for advertising since 1925, as they can hover over one space and be seen from afar. This means they’re particularly effective for advertising at outdoor events.
ADVERTISING BLIMPS
are considered generally as the principal source of lift and no other parts of an airplane basically, that contributes to the lift
WINGS
store fuel for flight and house the fuel system components
WINGS
gives support for the engines and flight controls and other systems.
WINGS
the body of an aircraft to which the wings and tail unit are attached.
FUSELAGE
accomplished with interior space for passenger comfort and minimum frontal area and contour drag for maximum performance.
FUSELAGE
known as tail or tail section of most aircrafts gives stability to the aircraft, in a similar way to the feathers on an arrow.
EMPENNAGE
to serve as direction controller of the airplane whether left, right, up, down, or rolling movement.
EMPENNAGE
either fixed in construction or retractable in which the wheel was drawn up inside the fuselage during airborne.
LANDING GEARS
serves as cushion to protect the airplane during taxiing and landing, absorbs landing load and supports the airplane on the ground.
LANDING GEARS
usually includes both the engine and the propeller.
POWERPLANT
covered by a cowling, or a nacelle, which are both types of covered housing.
POWERPLANT
streamline the flow of air around the engine and to help cool the engine by ducting air around the cylinders.
cowling or nacelle
they built their successful, powered airplane in 1903. The first of its kind to carry a man aloft, the Wright Flyer had thin, cloth-covered wings attached to what was primarily truss structures made of wood.
Wright Brothers
a retired railroad and bridge engineer, was active in aviation during the 1890s. His interest was so great that, among other things, he published a definitive work called “Progress in Flying Machines.”
Octave Chanute
He manufactured and flew his own gliders on over 2,000 flights. His willow and cloth aircraft had wings designed from extensive study of the wings of birds. Lilienthal also made standard use of vertical and horizontal fins behind the wings and pilot station.
Otto Lilienthal
studied the center of gravity of flying machines, as well as the effects of wing dihedral. Furthermore, he pioneered directional control of aircraft by including the earliest form of a rudder on his gliders.
George Cayley
developed an efficient cambered airfoil in the early 1800s, as well as successful manned gliders later in that century. He established the principles of flight, including the existence of lift, weight, thrust, and drag.
George Cayley
the main structure or body of the fixed-wing aircraft. t. It provides space for cargo, controls, accessories, passengers, and other equipment. In single-engine aircraft, houses the powerplant. In multiengine aircraft, the engines may be either in
the fuselage, attache or suspended from the wing structure.
FUSELAGE
a rigid framework made up of
members, such as beams, struts, and bars to resist
deformation by applied loads.
TRUSS TYPE
frame is usually constructed of
steel tubing welded together in such a manner
that all members of the truss can carry both
tension and compression loads.
TRUSS TYPE
relies largely on the strength of the skin or covering
to carry the primary loads. The true construction uses formers, frame assemblies, and bulkheads to give shape to the fuselage.
MONOCOQUE TYPE
The heaviest of these structural
members are located at intervals to carry
concentrated loads and at points where fittings
are used to attach other units such as wings,
powerplants, and stabilizers. Since no other
bracing members are present, the skin must
carry the primary stresses and keep the
fuselage rigid.
MONOCOQUE TYPE
the biggest problem
involved in construction is
maintaining enough strength while keeping the
weight within allowable limits.
MONOCOQUE TYPE
consists of frame
assemblies, bulkheads, and formers as used
in the monocoque design but, additionally,
the skin is reinforced by longitudinal
members called longerons. They are
typically made of aluminum alloy either of a
single piece or a built-up construction.
SEMI-MONOQUE TYPE
They come in a variety of shapes and are
usually made from single piece aluminum
alloy extrusions or formed aluminum.
SEMI-MONOQUE TYPE
usually extend across several frame members and help the skin support primary
bending loads. They are typically made of aluminum alloy either of a single piece or a built-
up construction
LONGERONS
These longitudinal members are typically more numerous and lighter in weight
than the longerons. They come in a variety of shapes and are usually made from single
piece aluminum alloy extrusions or formed aluminum
STRINGERS
together prevent tension and compression from bending the
fuselage.
LONGERONS AND STRINGERS
another type of bracing that can also be used between the longerons and
stringers.
WEB MEMBERS
a material’s internal resistance, or counterforce, that opposes
deformation. The degree of deformation of a material is strain.
STRESS
Tension is a primary stress that tries to pull a body apart.
TENSION
strength of a material is measured in
POUNDS PER SQUARE INCH
primary stress, tries to squeeze a part
together.
COMPRESSION
a twisting force. When a structural member is twisted or placed under torsion, a
tensile stress acts diagonally across the member and a compressive stress acts at right
angles to the tension.
TORSION
a material is its
resistance to twisting or torque.
TORSION STRENGTH
loads are created when opposing forces are
applied on opposite sides of a body.
SHEAR
a material is either equal to or less than its tensile or compressive
strength.
SHEAR STRENGTH
tries to pull one side of a body apart while at the same time squeezing the
other side together.
BENDING
Bending stress is a combination of what
kinds of stress.
TENSILE STRESS AND COMPRESSION STRESS
