Aircraft Instruments & Equipment Flashcards
The MMEL:
Established by the manufacturer
Approved by the authority in the state of design
Specifies which items are permitted unserviceable at the start of flight
Basis for MEL
The MEL:
Established by the operator
No less restrictive than MMEL
Approved by the authority
Permits operation with listed items unserviceable at commencement of flight
Commencement of flight:
When the aircraft first moves under its own power for the purpose of of preparing for take-off
Inoperative means?
Not consistently:
Accomplishing intended purpose
Functioning with design limits or tolerances
Rectification intervals - excluding the day of logging the defect:
Category A - Time specified in remarks column
Category B - 3 calendars days
Category C - 10 calendars days
Category D - 120 calendars days
Failures between commencement of flight and start of take-off
Command judgement and airmanship following review of MEL
No despatch with unserviceabilities unless:
Listen in MEL and listed conditions met to
Authority approves operation with the constraints of the MMEL
Flight crew must:
Check all defects against MEL prior to despatch
Ensure listed conditions are met
Refer to MEL to inform decision if defect occurs after despatch
Commander is sole authority whether defect acceptable for flight:
MEL cannot account for all combinations of multiple defects
Day operations aircraft must have:
Anti Collision lights
Instrument illumination
Passenger compartment illumination
Torch for each crew member
Night operations aircraft must additionally have :
Navigation lights
2 landing lights
Sea planes must have lights meeting maritime collision prevention regulations
Navigation lights:
Red - left wing - visible 0º - 110º left of nose.
Green - right wing - visible 0º - 110º right of nose.
White - tail - visible 70º left to 70º right of tail
All equipment / instruments required under regulations must be approved except:
Spare fuses.
Torches.
Clock.
Chart holder.
First aid kit.
Emergency medical kit.
Survival and signalling equipment.
Child restraint devices.
Sea anchors and mooring equipment (seaplanes).”
Spare fuses required:
10% (min 3) of each rating in use.
MCTOM > 5700 kg
Windshield wipers or equivalent required at each pilot station.
Day VFR Instruments required - indication of :
Magnetic heading.
Time hrs min sec.
Pressure altitude.
Air speed.
Vertical speed.
Turn and slip.
Attitude.
Heading.
OAT.
Mach number (if relevant).
Indication of power supply failure to any of above.
Day VFR 2-pilot aircraft - 2nd pilot separate indication of:
Pressure altitude
Air speed
Vertical speed
Turn and slip
Attitude
Heading
Day VFR pitot / static icon protection required if:
MCTOM > 5700 kg or MOPSC >9
Individual C of A after 1 Apr 1999
Night to IFR additional requirements:
2nd pressure altitude.
If standby attitude indication fitted, slip but not turn required.
Stabilised heading.
Prop <5700 kg - alternate static pressure source.
Other aircraft - 2nd static pressure system.
2-pilot aircraft: 2nd pilot - above apply (turn/slip, stabilised heading).
Pitot/static ice protection failure annunciation if:
Individual C of A issued after 1 Apr 1998; or
MCTOM >5700 kg and MOPSC >9. (N.B. subtle date/logic difference).
Standby attitude if MCTOM >5700 kg or MOPSC >9.
Illuminated chart holder in easily readable position.
Single pilot operations - autopilot with altitude and heading modes
Standby attitude indication, if required:
Powered continuously in normal operation.
Following total electrical failure:
Emergency power supply.
Min 30 minutes operation.
Operative automatically.
Operation independent of other attitude indicators.
Illuminated when operating.
Indication when powered by emergency power supply
Altitude alerting system required for:
Turboprop with MCTOM > 5700 kg or MOPSC > 9
Turbojet
Must alert crew when approaching preselected altitude
Must have aural alert of deviation from pre selected altitude
TAWS required if:
MCTOM > 5700 kg
MOPSC > 9
Piston-powered aircraft requiring TAWS may have?
Turbine-powered aircraft requiring TAWS must have?
Piston-powered aircraft requiring TAWS may have Class B or A system
Turbine-powered aircraft requiring TAWS must have Class A system
ACAS II required if:
Turbine powered
MCTOM > 5700 kg
MOPSC > 19
Weather radar required if:
Operating at night or IMC
Where hazardous, radar identifiable weather may exist
Pressurised aircraft
MCTOM > 5700kg
MOPSC > 9
Headset with microphone:
Required for each pilot
Night or IFR:
Transmit button on pitch and roll control required
A radio capable of transmitting and receiving on?
121.5 MHz
For each flight crew member required for IFR?
Audio selector panel
Flight crew interphone system via headset required except in?
Single-pilot operations
Crew member inter phone:
Required for:
MCTOM >15 000 kg or
MOPSC > 19.
Independent of passenger address except handsets switches etc.
Where cabin crew required:
Means to distinguish normal and emergency calls.
Readily usable at each flight crew station”
Crew member inter phone must provide for communication between flight deck and:
Each passenger compartment where crew are required.
Each galley not on a passenger deck.
Each crew compartment remote from the passenger deck.
Ground personnel and at least 2 flight crew stations
Ground crew must be able to connect to?
Interphone without being seen from inside the aircraft
PA system required:
If MOPSC >19.
To operate independently from interphone system except
handset, switches etc.
Readily accessible from each flight crew station.
Readily accessible microphone at each group of cabin crew seats.
Operable within 10 seconds at each cabin crew station.
Audible at all passenger seats, lavatories, galleys, cabin crew seats, work
stations and remote areas.
VFR flight s navigating by visual landmarks must have radio allowing:
Communication with ground stations
Communication with ATS units in controlled airspace
Receive weather information
Receive weather information
IFR flights and VFR flights not navigating visually must have:
2 radios capable of communicating with ground stations.
1 altitude-reporting SSR transponder and airspace requirements
for route.
Navigation equipment capable of navigating safely after failure of 1 item.
Navigation equipment meeting RNP of airspace.
If landing in IMC, equipment capable of guiding to a point for visual landing.”
RVSM operation requires:
2 independent altimeters
Attitude alerting system
Automatic altitude control system
SSR transponder with altitude reporting connected to altimeter in use
Operator must report altitude keeping errors:
> +/- 300 ft total vertical error.
> +/- 245 ft altimetry system error.
> +/- 300 ft assigned altitude deviation
Airspace requirement for SSR carriage and capabilities must be:
Met in order to enter the airspace
Requirements for navigation databases:
Must support navigation application with the integrity required for the intended use of the data.
Processing and delivery adequate standard of integrity.
Operator continuously monitors integrity of processes and products.
Operator ensures timely distribution and insertion of current unaltered data to all aeroplanes that require it.
CVR compulsory on:
Multi-engine turbine-powered aeroplane MOPSC > 9
All aeroplanes MCTOM > 5700 kg
CVRs must record with time reference
Flight deck radio transmit and receive
Flight crew voice on interphone and PA
Flight deck environment noise
Navigation aid identifications heard through speakers or headsets
CVR is located where?
Where most likely to survive crash
CVR construction
Impact resistant case with ELT or underwater locating device min transmit time 90 days
CVR operation
Automatically before aircraft moves
Manually or automatically as early as possible in cockpit preparation
CVR loop recording time:
25 hours if MCTOM > 27000 kg and individual C of A after 1 Jan 2021
2hrs all other aeroplanes
FDR compulsory on:
Aircraft with MCTOM > 5700 kg
Multi-engine turbine-powered aircraft with MOPSC > 9
FDR construction, location, operation:
Heat-resistant bright yellow/orange impact-resistant case either deployable with ELT, or fitted with underwater locator min transmit time 90 days.
Mounted in aircraft tail.
Operate automatically from before engines running until after parked.
Digital, easily retrievable data recording.
After Jan 2016 data recorded 25 hrs of:
Flight path.
Speed.
Attitude.
Engine power.
Configuration.
Operation of lift/drag devices
First aid kits:
1 kit per 100 passengers rounded up
Accessible to cabin crew
Emergency medical kit required for:
MOPSC > 30
> 60 minutes from aerodrome with medical assistance available
Emergency medical must be:
Dust & Moisture proof
Accessible to crew
Inaccessible to passenger
Inspected and replenished regularly
Commander must ensure drugs administrated by?
Qualified persons only
First aid oxygen required if:
Cabin crew required, and
Pressurised aeroplane, and
Pressure altitude > 25 000 ft.
First-aid oxygen quantity requirements:
Sufficient for:
2% of passengers - minimum 1.
3 L STPD/min to each person.
For remainder of flight at 8000 ft - 15 000 ft.
Equipment capable of 4 L STPD/min to each person.
Sufficient portable dispensing units > 2 with means for cabin crew use
Supplemental oxygen requirements
For operation above 10 000 ft.
Sufficient for:
All passengers and crew.
Pressurisation failure at most critical point.
Cabin altitude and flight duration presuming:
Emergency descent.
Lowest safe operating altitude allowing for: terrain clearance, navigational
accuracy, range and weather.
Descent to 10 000 ft when possible ends requirement for oxygen
The cabin altitude is assumed to be the aircraft’s altitude?
Unless otherwise demonstrated
Flight crew oxygen requirements
Within reach of each station
Sufficient for a;; flight crew and if certified up to 25,000 ft
For descent from max certified operating altitude to 10,000 ft in 10 min.
20 min at 10,000 ft
If certified > 25,000 ft
Quick-don masks
Descent from max certified operating altitude to 10,000 ft in 10 min
110 min at 10,000 ft.
Cabin crew oxygen requirements:
Must use O2:
> 13,000 ft
> 10,000 ft for > 30 mins
Same quantity calculation as for flight crew
Cabin crew oxygen > 25,000 ft:
Spare masks, outlets or portable supplies for all crew
Distributed throughout cabin
Passenger oxygen requirements:
> 25,000 ft
Available at every seat
10% extra distributed throughout cabin
Automatic deployment if:
Certified after 9 Nov 98 and
> 25,000 ft
Unable to descend to 13,000 ft within 4 mins
Quantity for descent from max certified altitude to 15,000 ft in 10 min
Crew PBE fir 15 minutes required if:
MCTOM > 5700 kg
MOPSC > 19
PBE requirements:
1 supplying oxygen at each flight crew station
1 portable PBE by flight crew station for > 1 flight crew and no cabin crew
1 portable PBE adjacent to each required fire extinguisher
Fire extinguishers required on flight deck:
1 suitable for flammable fluid and electrical fires
Not dry chemical
Fire extinguishers for cabin or passenger use
Suitable for likely fires and minimising toxic gas hazard
1 in each galley
1 in each cargo compartment
Passenger numbers / extinguishers numbers:
7-30 : 1
31-60 : 2
> 60 : 1 per 100 rounded up, plus 1, up to max 8.
Crash axe and crowbars must be stowed so?
They are not visible to passengers
Break in points
Are marked in red or yellow
Have corner markings 9cm x 3cm
Where corners are more than 2m apart, dashes are added with no more than 2 m between markings
Emergency exits must have devices attached enabling safe descent to the ground if:
The still of the exact is more than 1.83 m above the ground with the landing gear extended
Would be more than 1.83m above the ground with one or more landing gear legs collapsed right retracted
Over wing exit routes terminate more than 1.83 m above the ground with the landing gear extended and flaps in the higher of the take-off or landing position
This rules applies to desperate flight crew emergency exits
Battery-powered accessible megaphones required:
MOPSC < 60 - None
MOPSC 61-99 - 1
MOPSC > 99 - 2
MOPSC > 60 - Min 1 per passenger deck
Emergency Lighting Requirements
MOPSC < 9 - General cabin ,tithing
MOPSC > 9 - Lighting system with independent power supply
MOPSC > 19 - This must include:
General cabin lighting
Floor level lighting in emergency exit areas
Illuminated emergency exit signs
Floor escape path marking system
Exterior lighting at all exits if operating at night
ELT requirement:
C of A before 1 Jul 08:
C of A before 1 Jul 08:
MOPSC < 19 - 1 ELT
MOPSC > 19 - 1 automatic or 2
C of A after 1 Jul 08
MOPSC < 19 - 1 automatic
MOPSC > 19 2 - at least 1 automatic
ELTs must transmit on:
121.5 MHz and 406 MHz simultaneously
ELT types:
ELT Automatic Fixed Aids location of crash site
ELT Automatic portable attached but removable, aids location of crash site or survivors
ELT Automatic deployable attached auto ejected can be manually deployed, floats, aids location of crash-site
ELT Survival. Removable, manual or automatic activation, tethered to life-raft or survivor, aids location of survivors
Life jacket / infant flotation device required for ea h person on board on:
Seaplanes operated over water
When take-off or approach path is over sufficient water for ditching likelihood
Operated > 50 nm from land
Life jacket / infant flotation device must have a?
Light to aid location
Life rafts required for flight over water ‘long distances’ from land, this meaning:
Aeroplane capable of continuing OEI to an aerodrome less of:
120 min at cruising speed and 400 no
Other aeroplanes lesser of:
30 min at cruising speed and 100 no
Life raft requirements:
Sufficient for everyone on board
Locator light
Life saving equipment providing means for sustaining life appropriate for the flight
2 or more ELTs
Underwater location of aircraft:
Required for aircraft MCTOM > 27,000 kg and MOPSC > 19
Unless either:
Operated on routes no more than 180 no from shore or
Automatic means to determine the point of the end of the flight
Suirvuval equipment required for operation over remote areas
Equipment to make distress signals
1 or more ELTs
Plus additional survival equipment suitable for the route and number on board
Additional survival equipment not required if aircraft remains close to areas where rescue is not especially difficult - equating to:
120 min at OEI cruise speed for aeroplanes capable of continuing OEI
30 min at cruising speed for other aeroplanes
CS 25: 90 min cruise speed from area suitable for emergency landing
Passenger seat and restraint requirements
A seat or berth for every person aged 24 months or more
Seat belt restraining belt for each seat or berth
Seat belt with upper torso restraint on aircraft:
MCTOM > 5700 kg
MOPSC < 9
Child restraint device for each person on board younger than 24 months
Cabin crew seat and restraint requirements
Seat facing foward or rearward for each required crew member
Safety belt with 2 shoulder straps and a lap belt that maybe used independently
Additional cabin crew members may occupy passenger sears
Seat belt / no smoking signs are required unless?
unless all passenger seats are visible from the flight crew seats
Flight crew seat and restraint requirements:
Seat belt with 2 shop under straps with inertia reel, single-point release and lap belt that can be used independently
Applies to :
Flight crew seats
Any seat alongside a pilot seat
Any observer seat located in the flight crew compartment
Flight deck door:
Required for MOPSC > 19
Placard stating ‘crew only’
Lockable
Internal door requirements
Readily accessible means of opening any door separating a passenger compartment from a compartment containing an emergency exit
Means of securing open any door or curtain on the path between any seat and any emergency exits
Placard on such doors, or next to curtains, indicating that they must be secured during take-off and landing
Means for crew to unlock and passenger lockable door
