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APES > Air Pollution Part 2 > Flashcards

Air Pollution Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the anthropogenic era?

A

The era of humans

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2
Q

There are ___ as many trees now as there were

A

Half

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3
Q

Humans altered ___% of the land

A

50%

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4
Q

How long does CO2 last?

A

Thousands of years

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5
Q

The extinction rate is ___% higher now than before

A

55%

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6
Q

What is radon?

What is the solution?

A

A carcinogen from uranium that seeps in through the soil, ventilation

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7
Q

What is an indoor VOC? Where is it found?

A

Formaldehyde, carpets and stuffing

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8
Q

What is black carbon?

A

PM and CO from heating and cooking fires

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9
Q

What’s another word for reflectivity?

A

Albedo

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10
Q

What does dark PM do?

A

It warms surfaces

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11
Q

What are 2 solutions to increase albedo?

A

Green roofs and more efficient cook stoves

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12
Q

What are 5 causes of an urban heat island?

A

Heat retention, low albedo, lack of wind, lack of evapotranspiration, urban canyon effect

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13
Q

What is the urban canyon effect?

A

Multiple hot surfaces amplify and release heat

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14
Q

What are 3 solutions to urban heat islands?

A

Green roofs, trees, reflective white surfaces

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15
Q

Where do we want ozone? Why?

A

The stratosphere bc it protects us from UV radiation

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16
Q

What 3 things does UV radiation cause?

A

Cancer, cataracts, kills phytoplankton

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17
Q

Why are phytoplankton important?

A

They eat CO2 and start the aquatic food chain

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18
Q

Where don’t we want ozone? Why?

A

The troposphere bc it’s a component of smog

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19
Q

What 3 things does ozone in the troposphere cause?

A

Eye irritation, decreased lung function, decreased photosynthesis

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20
Q

Ozone blocks UV-___ but not UV-___

A

B, A

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21
Q

The ozone thinned by ___% when discovered in ____

A

50-90%, 1985

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22
Q

When is the ozone hole the largest?

A

When it’s cold (winter/spring)

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23
Q

What element tears apart ozone in the stratosphere?

A

Chlorine

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24
Q

What are 3 CFCs?

A

Cl, F, C

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25
Q

What were CFCs used for?

A

Coolants and refrigerants

26
Q

CFCs migrate from the ______ to the ______

A

Troposphere, stratosphere

27
Q

What does UV light do to CFCs?

A

It splits Cl from CFCs

28
Q

What effect does Cl have on O3?

A

Cl tears O3 into O2 and O

29
Q

What are the 4 steps of creating an ozone hole?

A

1) make CFCs (1930s)
2) CFCs migrate from troposphere to stratosphere
3) UV light splits Cl from CFCs
4) Cl tears O3 into O2 and O

30
Q

What 2 things did the Montreal protocol do?

A

Banned production of CFCs, substituted HCFCs for CFCs

31
Q

What can nitrogen do to the ozone layer?

A

It can erode it

32
Q

What are 5 benefits of reducing nitrogen emissions?

A

It reduces eutrophication, blue baby syndrome, acid rain, climate change, and O3 hole issues

33
Q

What happens in temperature inversion?

A

A layer of warm air overlays cool air and traps pollutants near surface

34
Q

Where do temperature inversions typically happen?

A

Cities surrounded by mountains

35
Q

What happened in London 1952?

A

A cold December led to increased coal burning, temp inversion lasted 5 days

36
Q

What were the consequences of the London temp inversion?

A

2000 died in 5 days, 2000 more died in 2 weeks

37
Q

What 3 things were trapped near the ground during the London temp inversion?

A

Soot, tar, SO2

38
Q

What was the solution to the London temp inversion, and did it work?

A

Building smokestacks, no it didn’t work

39
Q

What’s another name for atmospheric deposition?

A

Long range transport

40
Q

What’s are 2 examples of long range transport?

A

Dust from Sahara settles on Miami, POPs detected in animals in Antarctic

41
Q

What 4 things do volcanoes release?

A

PM, SO2, COx, hydrogen sulfide

42
Q

What are 4 effects of air pollution on humans?

A

Asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, COPD

43
Q

What are 3 effects of air pollution on plants?

A

Cell membranes are weakened, growth and reproduction are disrupted, phytoplankton are killed

44
Q

What was Sudbury Ontario doing since 1886? What happened?

A

Smelting, SO2 was released and made sulfuric acid rain

45
Q

What happened to Sudbury bc of the acid rain?

A

Plants within 20 square miles were destroyed

46
Q

What was done to lessen the effect Sudbury had on the environment?

A

Environmental monitoring and scrubbers were installed in the 1970s

47
Q

What are the 2 forms of acid rain?

A

H2SO4

HNO3

48
Q

What is acid shock?

A

When snow or ice with acid thaws first leading to concentrated release

49
Q

What are 4 ways to lessen sulfur emitted by coal?

A

Anthracite coal, Burning crushed limestone with crushed coal, limestone wet slurry scrubber, fluidized bed combustion

50
Q

What is a benefit of using anthracite coal?

A

It has a naturally low sulfur content

51
Q

Why does burning crushed limestone with crushed coal work?

A

The Ca in the limestone binds with the S in the coal

52
Q

What is a limestone wet slurry scrubber?

A

Soupy limestone is sprayed in smokestacks to bind with S

53
Q

What is fluidized bed combustion?

Why is it a good way to decrease sulfur?

A

Coal and limestone are burned together on an upward blowing jet, mixing action provides more efficient removal of S and heat transfer

54
Q

What are 3 ways to decrease the amount of PMs?

A

Electrostatic precipitators, bag filters, sediment chambers

55
Q

How does an electrostatic precipitator work?

A

Ash is electronically charged and sticks to an oppositely charged plate

56
Q

What is a bag filter?

A

A series of bags

57
Q

How does a sediment chamber work?

A

The chamber is closed off and gravity settles the heavy things

58
Q

What are 3 things catalytic converters do?

A

Reduces NOx, converts CO into CO2, oxidizes hydrocarbons into CO2 and H2O

59
Q

What is biofiltration?

A

Gas effluent is directed through soil so micro organisms break down the contaminants

60
Q

Why is air quality in less developed countries bad?

A

Lack of infrastructure, lack of legislation, mass burning

APES (13 decks)

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