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Psych (1.3) Attachment > Ainsworth's strange situation > Flashcards

Ainsworth's strange situation Flashcards

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1
Q

Who developed the strange situation?

A

Mary Ainsworth (1969).

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2
Q

What was the aim of the strange situaiton?

A

To be able to observe key attachment behaviours as a means of assessing the quality of a child’s attachment to a caregiver.

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3
Q

What type of experiment was the strange situation?

A

A controlled observation procedure.

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4
Q

Where does the strange situation take place?

A

In a room with very controlled surroundings, fitted with a two-way mirror for observational purposes.

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5
Q

What behaviours were assessed?

A
  • Proximity seeking,
  • Exploration and secure-base behaviours,
  • Stranger anxiety,
  • Separation anxiety,
  • Response to reunion.
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6
Q

How long does the situation last?

A

21 minutes, it is 7 episodes and each is 3 minutes long.

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7
Q

What were the three main characteristics being measured?

A

Stranger anxiety, Separation anxiety, Reunion behaviour.

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8
Q

What is stranger anxiety?

A

A display of anxiety shown when approached by a stranger.

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9
Q

How many attachment styles did Ainsworth identify?

A

3 - Type A, Type B and Type C.

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10
Q

What is separation anxiety?

A

The protest by the babies when they are separated from the mother.

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11
Q

Which attachment type was secure attachment?

A

Type B.

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12
Q

What is proximity seeking?

A

An infant with good attachment will stay fairly close to the caregiver.

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13
Q

How long does each ‘episode’ last in the strange situation?

A

3 minutes.

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14
Q

Which attachment type was insecure-resistant attachment?

A

Type C.

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15
Q

What is exploration and secure-base behaviour?

A

Good attachment enables a child to feel confident to explore their surroundings, using the caregiver as a secure base.

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16
Q

How many ‘episodes’ are there in the strange situation?

A

7 ‘episodes’.

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17
Q

Which attachment type was insecure-avoidant attachment?

A

Type A.

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18
Q

What is response to reunion?

A

The response when the caregiver is separated for a short period of time and then they are brought back in.

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19
Q

What is the first ‘episode’?

A

The child is encouraged to play and explore.

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20
Q

Who is in the room during the first ‘episode’?

A

Only the mother and the baby.

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21
Q

What is being tested in the first ‘episode’?

A

Secure-base behaviour.

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22
Q

What is the second ‘episode’?

A

A stranger enters the room and attempts to interact with the child.

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23
Q

What is being tested in the second ‘episode’?

A

Stranger anxiety.

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24
Q

What is the third ‘episode’?

A

The mother leaves and the child alone with the stranger in the room.

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25
Q

What is being tested in the third ‘episode’?

A

Separation and Stranger anxiety.

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26
Q

What is the fourth ‘episode’?

A

The caregiver returns and the stranger leaves.

27
Q

What is being tested in the fourth ‘episode’?

A

Reunion behaviour and secure-base exploration.

28
Q

What is the fifth ‘episode’?

A

The caregiver leaves the child alone in the room.

29
Q

What is being tested in the fifth ‘episode’?

A

Separation anxiety.

30
Q

Which attachment type is insecure-avoidant attachment?

A

Type A.

31
Q

What percentage (of British) toddlers are estimated to be Type A attachment?

A

20-25%.

32
Q

What percentage (of British) toddlers are estimated to be Type B attachment?

A

60-75%.

33
Q

What percentage (of British) toddlers are estimated to be Type C attachment?

A

3%.

34
Q

What is being tested in the sixth ‘episode’?

A

Stranger anxiety.

35
Q

Which attachment type is insecure-resistant attachment?

A

Type C.

36
Q

What is the sixth ‘episode’?

A

The stranger returns.

37
Q

Which attachment type is most common in British toddlers?

A

Type B, secure.

38
Q

Which attachment type is secure attachment?

A

Type B.

39
Q

Which attachment type is least common in British toddlers?

A

Type C, Insecure-resistant.

40
Q

What is being tested in the seventh ‘episode’?

A

Reunion behaviour.

41
Q

Which attachment type require and accept comfort from the caregiver in the reunion stage?

A

Type B.

42
Q

What is the seventh ‘episode’?

A

The caregiver returns and is reunited with the child.

43
Q

What is a Type A babies reaction to a stranger?

A

Not-bothered

44
Q

What is a Type B babies reaction to the mother leaving?

A

Distressed.

45
Q

How do each type of babies react to the mother leaving?

A

Type A = Unconcerned,
Type B = Distressed,
Type C = Intensely distressed.

46
Q

How do each type of babies react to the mother returning?

A

Type A = Uninterested,
Type B = Easily calmed and comforted,
Type C = Rejects her.

47
Q

What is a Type A babies reaction to the mother leaving?

A

Unconcerned.

48
Q

What is a Type C babies reaction to a stranger?

A

Uncomfortable with strangers.

49
Q

What is a Type C babies reaction to the mother leaving?

A

Intense distress.

50
Q

How do each type of babies react to strangers?

A

Type A = Not-bothered,
Type B = Comfortable if the mother is present,
Type C = Uncomfortable.

51
Q

What is a Type B babies reaction to a stranger?

A

Comfortable with strangers on the conditional basis that the mother is present.

52
Q

What is a Type C babies reaction to the mother returning?

A

Rejects the mother.

53
Q

What is a Type B babies reaction to the mother returning?

A

Very easily calmed and comforted.

54
Q

What is a Type A babies reaction to the mother returning?

A

Uninterested.

55
Q

Describe the characteristics of a Type A attachment:

A
  • Explore freely but do not seek a secure base.
  • Little or no reaction when caregiver leaves.
  • Little effort to make contact when caregiver returns.
  • Little stranger anxiety.
  • Do not require comfort at the reunion stage.
56
Q

Describe the characteristics of a Type B attachment:

A
  • Explore happily but regularly return to the mother.
  • Moderate separation distress.
  • Moderate stranger anxiety.
  • Require and accept comfort from the caregiver in the reunion stage.
57
Q

Describe the characteristics of a Type C attachment:

A
  • Seek greater proximity and explore less than others.
  • Huge stranger anxiety.
  • Huge separation anxiety.
  • Resist comfort when reunited with mother.
58
Q

AO3 - Validity.

A

The attachment type defined by the strange situation is strongly predictive of later development. Secure babies typically go on to have better outcomes in many areas such as school success and friendships in adulthood. Insecure-resistant are more susceptible to mental health problems, this is a evidence for the validity of the concept due to the subsequent explanation outcomes.

59
Q

AO3 - Reliability.

A

The strange-situation shows very good inter-rater reliability, the observers tended to identify the same behaviours when shown the same things. This is good because the behavioural characteristics are easily observable and distinguishable. This means we can be confident that the attachment type of an infant identified in the strange situation does not just depend on who is observing them.

60
Q

AO3 - Culturally-bound.

A

There are cultural differences in childhood experiences that are likely to make children respond differently in the situation. Takeshi (1990) found that the test does not work in Japan because the Japanese mothers are so rarely separated from their children that babies do not know how to react when separated and the experiments had to be stopped a lot of the time.

61
Q

AO3 - More attachment types.

A

Ainsworth conceived three different attachment types, however, Main and Solomon (1986) pointed out that a minority of children display atypical attachments. This is known as a disorganised attachment, they display an odd mix of resistant and avoidant behaviours.

62
Q

AO3 - Measuring attachment?

A

The situation measures a child’s response to anxiety produced by unfamiliarity, however, Kagan (1982) argued that temperament was being measured rather than attachment type, this is a confounding variable which.

63
Q

Ward et al. (2006) found that which type of attachments would be likely to have adult mental health problems?

A

Type C - Insecure-resistant.

64
Q

What is a disorganised attachment?

A

An atypical attachment which does not fall into type A, B or C. They display an odd mix of resistant and avoidant behaviours.

Psych (1.3) Attachment (12 decks)

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