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Agriculture Flashcards

1
Q

Define agriculture

A

The intentional growing, planting, raising, of plants and animals for feed, food, fiber(cotton/wool), fuel

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2
Q

How many agricultural revolutions are there

A

3

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3
Q

Domestication of plants and animals

A

1st agricultural revolution

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4
Q

Where are the hearths of the 1st agricultural revolution

A

Fertile Crescent

  • huang he river
  • indus river valley
  • ethiopian highlands
  • andes mountains
  • meso america
  • SE Asia
  • W Africa
  • Nile River Valley
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5
Q

What are the 5 big helpful domesticated animals

A
  1. Horses
  2. Cattle
  3. Pigs
  4. Sheep
  5. Goats
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6
Q

What is the agricultural density

A

of farmers divided by total land

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7
Q

1650-1900s (mechanization)

A

2nd agricultural revolution

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8
Q

Describe the 2nd agricultural revolution

A
  • crop rotation (nitrogen cycle)
  • selective breeding
  • natural fertilizers
  • seed drill
  • plows tractors threshers reapers
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9
Q

Primary economic activity

A

Taking things out of the ground

- farming, mining, fishing, foresting, hunting and gathering

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10
Q

Secondary economic activity

A

Manufacturing

  • toys
  • ships
  • processed foods
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11
Q

Tertiary economic activity

A

Provide service to a product

  • lawyers
  • doctors
  • teachers
  • salespeople
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12
Q

Quaternary economic activity

A

Subset of tertiary

-info, money, exchange

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13
Q

Quinary economic activity

A

Subset of tertiary

-research

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14
Q

Tertiary quaternary and quinary are all part of ____

A

Core

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15
Q

3rd agricultural revolution

A

Genetics/GMOs

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16
Q

Green revolution

A

Aka 3rd agricultural revolution

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17
Q

What was the goal of the 3rd agricultural revolution

A

Higher yields

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18
Q

1940s or 1960s through current day

A

3rd agricultural revolution

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19
Q

During the 3rd agricultural revolution how did they obtain higher yields?

A
  • extend ecumene
  • resistant to pesticides
  • grow faster IR36(rice that grows in 110 days)
  • plants w improved nutrition
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20
Q

Farming to survive

A

Substinence farming

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21
Q

Cash crops

A

Commercial farming

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22
Q

Types of Substinence farming

A

Mixed farming
Nomadism
Transhumance
Shifting cultivation(slash and burn)

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23
Q

Types of commercial farming

A 
Monoculture 
Double cropping
Triple cropping
Agribusiness 
Plantation agriculture
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24
Q

Monoculture

A

Single crop

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25
Double crop
2 crops in same field
26
Triple cropping
3 crops same field
27
Types of planned farme
Collectives | Communes
28
Usually owned and run by MDCs
Plantation agriculture
29
Types of luxury crops
Sugar Cocao Coffee Tea
30
Other than luxury crops, types of plantation agriculture
Bananas Pineapples Palm oil Rubber
31
State owned farms
Collectives (planned farming)
32
Community farming
Communes( planned farms)
33
3 factors that influence what grows where
1. Climate 2. Culture 3. Economics
34
Capital intensive + extensive land use
MDC wheat and corn farms
35
Capital intensive + intensive land use
Livestock factory farming
36
Labor intensive and extensive land use
Nomadic farming, free range cattle
37
Labor intensive and intensive land use
Tea plantations Fruit farms Rice
38
Zones of Von Thünen
Zone 1 - dairy, market gardening(farmers market) Zone 2- forests(no longer exists) Zone 3- field crops (grains/corn/etc) Zone4 - livestock farming
39
Advantages of organic farming
- less pollution - Fewer abused animals - Less carcinogenic residue on vegetables - in food poor nations the yield gap disappears - according to Halbergs tests doesn't dramatically raise food prices - external costs 1/3 of conventional farming - better for the soil - less nitrogen run off
40
Disadvantages of organic farming
- global switch could take decades | - more difficult than just using chemicals (have to manage a whole ecosystem)
41
Primary and secondary economic activities are both
LDCs Periphery Semi periphery
42
What three elements are needed for hunter gatherer societies to progress agriculture
1. Fire 2. Tools 3. Able to alter environment
43
Plants were domesticated __________ years ago
14,000
44
Animals were domesticated________ years ago
8,000
45
Primary growing region of wheat
Europe
46
Primary growing region of rice
Asia
47
Primary growing region of sorghum
Africa
48
Primary growing region of potatoes
USA
49
What's the impact of animals domestication
- erased work burden for early farmers - animal waste fertilized crops - animals pulled plows
50
Advantages and disadvantages of shifting cultivation
Disadvantage: only worms in areas w low pop density a tropical area and LDC Advantage: lets land sit and rest
51
Disadvantage of slash and burn
Deforestation
52
Advantages of slash and burn
Replenishes soil in natural way
53
Agribusiness
Having food poor nations grow luxury crops on plantation agriculture
54
Principles behind Von Thünens model of agriculture
- nearest to town, commodities that are perishable command higher prices - greater the distance to the market, the higher the transport costs that had to be added to cost of producing a crop or commodity
55
Negative impacts of green revolution
``` Reduced genetic diversity Soil contamination Rural impoverishment Soil erosion Water shortages ```
56
IR36
Hybrid rice that grows in 110 days and is pest resistant
57
IR8
Hybrid rice that has a stronger stem w bigger head of grain
58
Rectangular survey systems
Checkerboards across agricultural fields
59
Township and range system
Designed to facilitate movement of non natives evenly across farmlands of US Interior the system imposed a rigid grid like pattern on the land
60
Longlot survey system
Divided land into narrow parcels stretching from rivers roads or canals
61
Primogeniture
Germanic system in which all land passes to eldest son
62
Various village patterns
1. Dispersed settlement - individual farm houses lying far apart 2. Nucleated settlement when houses are grouped together in tiny clusters
63
Large areas of humid cold climate w no dry season
Dairy
64
Large areas of arid climate
Livestock ranching
65
Large areas of humid equatorial climates
Plantations
66
Large areas of humid temps w no dry season
Grains Corn Soy
67
Coca source of cocaine is grown in
Columbia Peru Bolivia
68
Heroin and opium grown in
SE AND SW Asia
69
Over 90% of illegal opium production worldwide comes from
Afghanistan and myanmar
70
How have the rural landscape and environment been changed by agribusiness?
- overfishing - land clearing - deforestation - soil erosion - desertification - growth of organic farming
71
3 places where dairy farming occurs
Midwest USA North East Coast USA NW Europe
72
3 places where Mediterranean agriculture occurs
California North Africa Europe near france and spain
73
3 places where livestock ranching occur
N America Mexico S America

AP Geo (8 decks)

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