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Agriculture Flashcards

1
Q

Define agriculture

A

The intentional growing, planting, raising, of plants and animals for feed, food, fiber(cotton/wool), fuel

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2
Q

How many agricultural revolutions are there

A

3

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3
Q

Domestication of plants and animals

A

1st agricultural revolution

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4
Q

Where are the hearths of the 1st agricultural revolution

A

Fertile Crescent

  • huang he river
  • indus river valley
  • ethiopian highlands
  • andes mountains
  • meso america
  • SE Asia
  • W Africa
  • Nile River Valley
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5
Q

What are the 5 big helpful domesticated animals

A
  1. Horses
  2. Cattle
  3. Pigs
  4. Sheep
  5. Goats
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6
Q

What is the agricultural density

A

of farmers divided by total land

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7
Q

1650-1900s (mechanization)

A

2nd agricultural revolution

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8
Q

Describe the 2nd agricultural revolution

A
  • crop rotation (nitrogen cycle)
  • selective breeding
  • natural fertilizers
  • seed drill
  • plows tractors threshers reapers
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9
Q

Primary economic activity

A

Taking things out of the ground

- farming, mining, fishing, foresting, hunting and gathering

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10
Q

Secondary economic activity

A

Manufacturing

  • toys
  • ships
  • processed foods
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11
Q

Tertiary economic activity

A

Provide service to a product

  • lawyers
  • doctors
  • teachers
  • salespeople
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12
Q

Quaternary economic activity

A

Subset of tertiary

-info, money, exchange

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13
Q

Quinary economic activity

A

Subset of tertiary

-research

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14
Q

Tertiary quaternary and quinary are all part of ____

A

Core

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15
Q

3rd agricultural revolution

A

Genetics/GMOs

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16
Q

Green revolution

A

Aka 3rd agricultural revolution

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17
Q

What was the goal of the 3rd agricultural revolution

A

Higher yields

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18
Q

1940s or 1960s through current day

A

3rd agricultural revolution

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19
Q

During the 3rd agricultural revolution how did they obtain higher yields?

A
  • extend ecumene
  • resistant to pesticides
  • grow faster IR36(rice that grows in 110 days)
  • plants w improved nutrition
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20
Q

Farming to survive

A

Substinence farming

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21
Q

Cash crops

A

Commercial farming

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22
Q

Types of Substinence farming

A

Mixed farming
Nomadism
Transhumance
Shifting cultivation(slash and burn)

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23
Q

Types of commercial farming

A 
Monoculture 
Double cropping
Triple cropping
Agribusiness 
Plantation agriculture
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24
Q

Monoculture

A

Single crop

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25
Q

Double crop

A

2 crops in same field

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26
Q

Triple cropping

A

3 crops same field

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27
Q

Types of planned farme

A

Collectives

Communes

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28
Q

Usually owned and run by MDCs

A

Plantation agriculture

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29
Q

Types of luxury crops

A

Sugar
Cocao
Coffee
Tea

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30
Q

Other than luxury crops, types of plantation agriculture

A

Bananas
Pineapples
Palm oil
Rubber

31
Q

State owned farms

A

Collectives (planned farming)

32
Q

Community farming

A

Communes( planned farms)

33
Q

3 factors that influence what grows where

A
  1. Climate
  2. Culture
  3. Economics
34
Q

Capital intensive + extensive land use

A

MDC wheat and corn farms

35
Q

Capital intensive + intensive land use

A

Livestock factory farming

36
Q

Labor intensive and extensive land use

A

Nomadic farming, free range cattle

37
Q

Labor intensive and intensive land use

A

Tea plantations
Fruit farms
Rice

38
Q

Zones of Von Thünen

A

Zone 1 - dairy, market gardening(farmers market)
Zone 2- forests(no longer exists)
Zone 3- field crops (grains/corn/etc)
Zone4 - livestock farming

39
Q

Advantages of organic farming

A
  • less pollution
  • Fewer abused animals
  • Less carcinogenic residue on vegetables
  • in food poor nations the yield gap disappears
  • according to Halbergs tests doesn’t dramatically raise food prices
  • external costs 1/3 of conventional farming
  • better for the soil
  • less nitrogen run off
40
Q

Disadvantages of organic farming

A
  • global switch could take decades

- more difficult than just using chemicals (have to manage a whole ecosystem)

41
Q

Primary and secondary economic activities are both

A

LDCs
Periphery
Semi periphery

42
Q

What three elements are needed for hunter gatherer societies to progress agriculture

A
  1. Fire
  2. Tools
  3. Able to alter environment
43
Q

Plants were domesticated __________ years ago

44
Q

Animals were domesticated________ years ago

45
Q

Primary growing region of wheat

46
Q

Primary growing region of rice

47
Q

Primary growing region of sorghum

48
Q

Primary growing region of potatoes

49
Q

What’s the impact of animals domestication

A
  • erased work burden for early farmers
  • animal waste fertilized crops
  • animals pulled plows
50
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of shifting cultivation

A

Disadvantage: only worms in areas w low pop density a tropical area and LDC

Advantage: lets land sit and rest

51
Q

Disadvantage of slash and burn

A

Deforestation

52
Q

Advantages of slash and burn

A

Replenishes soil in natural way

53
Q

Agribusiness

A

Having food poor nations grow luxury crops on plantation agriculture

54
Q

Principles behind Von Thünens model of agriculture

A
  • nearest to town, commodities that are perishable command higher prices
  • greater the distance to the market, the higher the transport costs that had to be added to cost of producing a crop or commodity
55
Q

Negative impacts of green revolution

A 
Reduced genetic diversity 
Soil contamination 
Rural impoverishment 
Soil erosion
Water shortages
56
Q

IR36

A

Hybrid rice that grows in 110 days and is pest resistant

57
Q

IR8

A

Hybrid rice that has a stronger stem w bigger head of grain

58
Q

Rectangular survey systems

A

Checkerboards across agricultural fields

59
Q

Township and range system

A

Designed to facilitate movement of non natives evenly across farmlands of US Interior the system imposed a rigid grid like pattern on the land

60
Q

Longlot survey system

A

Divided land into narrow parcels stretching from rivers roads or canals

61
Q

Primogeniture

A

Germanic system in which all land passes to eldest son

62
Q

Various village patterns

A
  1. Dispersed settlement - individual farm houses lying far apart
  2. Nucleated settlement when houses are grouped together in tiny clusters
63
Q

Large areas of humid cold climate w no dry season

64
Q

Large areas of arid climate

A

Livestock ranching

65
Q

Large areas of humid equatorial climates

A

Plantations

66
Q

Large areas of humid temps w no dry season

A

Grains
Corn
Soy

67
Q

Coca source of cocaine is grown in

A

Columbia
Peru
Bolivia

68
Q

Heroin and opium grown in

A

SE AND SW Asia

69
Q

Over 90% of illegal opium production worldwide comes from

A

Afghanistan and myanmar

70
Q

How have the rural landscape and environment been changed by agribusiness?

A
  • overfishing
  • land clearing
  • deforestation
  • soil erosion
  • desertification
  • growth of organic farming
71
Q

3 places where dairy farming occurs

A

Midwest USA
North East Coast USA
NW Europe

72
Q

3 places where Mediterranean agriculture occurs

A

California
North Africa
Europe near france and spain

73
Q

3 places where livestock ranching occur

A

N America
Mexico
S America

AP Geo (8 decks)

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