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PK APC 2024 > Agriculture > Flashcards

Agriculture Flashcards

1
Q

What describe a typical crop rotation?

A
  1. SB
  2. SB
  3. WO
  4. WOSR
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2
Q

Explain some factors currently affecting the UK Agricultural industry?

A
  • Adverse weather and climate change
    -
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3
Q

What is the deadline for SAF?

A

15th May

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4
Q

What is the gestation period of a sheep?

A

142 days

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5
Q

What legislation governs animal welfare in Scotland?

A

Animal Health and Welfare (Scotland) Act 2006

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6
Q

What is the role of the Animal Health and Welfare (Scotland) Act 2006?

A

The act places a duty of care on pet owners and others responsible for animals to ensure that the welfare needs of their animals are met

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7
Q

Give an example that displays your knowledge in arable system ‘key timings’

A

Spring Barley

Spring barley sown in mid-march and harvested in August/September.

It has a growing season of roughly 5-months.

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8
Q

Can you explain a typical sheep calendar?

A
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9
Q

What is the Less Favoured Area Support Scheme (LFASS)?

A

LFASS provides essential income support to farming businesses in remote and constrained rural areas.

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10
Q

You mentions BPS & LFASS, what other grant support is available to Scottish Farmers?

A
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11
Q

How is agriculture likely to be affected by the Scottish governments plans to reach net zero?

A
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12
Q

What percentage of the UK’s total greenhouse gas emissions come from agriculture?

A

Between 10 & 12%

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13
Q

What criteria must farmers meet in order to claim their 2025 BPS/SAF?

A

Farmers will see the introduction of a ‘Whole Farm Plan’. This plan will include baseline activities that farmers must complete and adhere too. There are five baseline activities, farmers must adhere to at least two to access their 2025 claim in its entirety.

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14
Q

What two baseline activities could a livestock farmer undertake to access 2025 SAF?

A
  • Soil sampling
  • Animal Health & Welfare Plan

Both of which funding can be accessed through PSF.

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15
Q

What two baseline activities could an arable farmer undertake to access 2025 SAF?

A
  • Carbon Audit
  • Soil Analysis
  • Integrated Pest Management Plan (IPM)
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16
Q

What is the level of funding available through PSF for soil sampling?

A

FARMERS AND LANDOWNERS can claim £30/ha on the equivalent of 20% of their Region 1 land.

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17
Q

What elements must a sample measure to be eligible for a PSF claim?

A
  • Phosphate (pH)
  • Potash (K)
  • Carbon in the soil (loss on ignition)
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18
Q

What is the new agricultural subsidy system likely to look like?

A

At least 50% of subsidy will be accessible by adhering to practises promoting biodiversity gain, climate change and adaptation.

Tiers 1 and 2 will form direct payments and will support farming and also support those who are fulfilling standards relating to climate and biodiversity. Tiers 3 and 4 will be indirect payments for those who elect to specific actions such as restoring peatland.

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19
Q

When does the SAF window open?

A

15th March

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20
Q

What is the current payment rate for different BPS Regions?

A

Region 1: 165 (euro) or £147
Region 2: 36 (euro) or £32
Region 3: 11 (euro) or £9

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21
Q

What is Greening?

A

Greening was introduced in Scotland in 2015. It is an additional payment to BPS, and encourages farmers to promote habitat creation and biodiversity.

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22
Q

What is a Ecological Focus Area (EFA)?

A

When a farmer farms 5% of their total arable area in a way that promotes biodiversity.

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23
Q

What is the Scottish Suckler Beef Support Scheme (SSBSS)?

A

SSBSS provides support to Scottish beef producers to help maintain beef suckler herds at a level that sustains the commercial beef industry in Scotland.

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24
Q

Does the SSBSS support all beef animals?

A

No, there are certain eligibility criteria that must be met, such as; animals must have been born on a Scottish holding, and kept continually from birth for at least 30-days.

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25
Q

Why was there a historic shortfall of BPS entitlements within Floors Farming?

A

ED…

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26
Q

What is a PF23 form?

A

A PF23 form is an application form allowing the transfer of BPS entitlements?

27
Q

Where did you source your shortfall of BPS entitlements?

A

Townsend Chartered Surveyors

28
Q

At what price did you purchase your BPS entitlements?

A

At one times their value:

R1 @ £147
R2 @ £32
R2@ £10

There was of course an element of commission payable on top of these figures.

29
Q

What was the BPS shortfall or Floors Farming?

A

We required:

70 R1 entitlements
100 R2 entitlements
90 R3 entitlements

30
Q

What are the main crops grown across Floors Farming’s arable operation?

A
  • Winter Wheat
  • Winter Barley
  • Spring Barley
  • Winter Oil Seed Rape
  • Winter/Spring Oats
31
Q

What is the typical length of your grazing agreements?

A

The majority of our grass parks are let for spring/summer grazing, and run from March to November.

32
Q

What is the maximum length a grazing lease can be, and why?

A

A grazing lease should not exceed 364 days. Any longer and the agreement could convert into an SLDT.

33
Q

Why is it import that you specify that the land is leased for grazing only?

A

In order for a lease to be treated as a grazing lease the land must be let to be used only for grazing or mowing (as provided for in Section 3 of the Agricultural Holdings (Scotland) Act 2003). If other activities are permitted to take place on the leased land, such as breeding or storage, then it is likely that the lease will become a Short Limited Duration Tenancy (SLDT).

34
Q

Why was an acclimatisation figure payable upon the purchase of the tenant farmers sheep?

A

The sheep were bound/hefted to the farm in question.

35
Q

What was the acclimatisation figure?

A

There is no ‘set’ charge for heftage. I, following conversations with industry professionals, advised on 10% of the MV plus £8 ‘heftage’ charge.

36
Q

You mention Part II of Schedule 10 of the AHA (Scotland) 1991. What provisions are outlined in this part of the act?

A
37
Q

What is the typical gross margin of a sheep?

A

Between £100 and £140 per ewe. This figure will vary dependant on market trends and variable costs

38
Q

What is the typical gross margin of a cow?

A
39
Q

Give an example of a Legume?

A

Beans

40
Q

What is the benefit of Legumes

A

Legumes are Nitrogen fixators. They absorb nitrogen from the air and ‘lock’ it into the soil

41
Q

Why are break crops used?

A
  • improve soil structure and organic matter
  • provide pest and disease breaks
  • increase soil nitrogen levels
42
Q

What break crop might you use?

A
  • WOSR
  • Legumes
  • Hemp
43
Q

Give an example of Variable costs on a farm?

A
  • Feed
  • Fert
  • Sprays
  • Vets
  • Medicine
  • Fuel
  • Seasonal Labour
44
Q

Give an example of Fixed costs on a farm?

A
  • Salaries
  • Rent
  • Insurance
  • Depreciation
  • Finance
45
Q

What is Gross Margin?

A

Output less Variable Costs

46
Q

What is the cost (per tn) of:

  1. Nitrogen
  2. Phosphate
  3. Potassium
A
  1. Nitrogen = £360
  2. Phosphate = £445
  3. Potassium = £440
47
Q

What is an NVZ and what is its purpose?

A

Nitrate vulnerable zone

Aims to reduce water pollution and protect water quality. Managed by SEPA

48
Q

What are the 5 NVZ’s in Scotland?

A
  1. Lower Nithsdale
  2. Lothian and Borders
  3. Strathmore and Fife (including Finavon)
  4. Moray, Aberdeenshire, Banff and Buchan
  5. Stranraer Lowlands
49
Q

Which Act controls the use of pesticides on farms?

A

Food and Environment
Protection Act 1985

50
Q

Typical yield of Winter Wheat?

A

Grain = 8t/ha
Straw = 4.2t/ha

51
Q

Typical yield of Winter Barley?

A

Grain = 7.5t/ha
Straw = 4.1t/ha

52
Q

Typical yield of Spring Barley?

A

Grain = 5.5t/ha
Straw = 2.9t/ha

53
Q

Typical yield of Winter Oats?

A

Grain = 7.5t/ha
Straw = 4.7t/ha

54
Q

Typical yield of WOSR?

A

Grain = 4t/ha

55
Q

Typical gross margin of WW?

A

£1,000/ha

56
Q

Typical gross margin of WB?

A

£550/ha

57
Q

Typical gross margin of SB?

A

£700/ha

58
Q

Typical gross margin of WO?

A

£1,000/ha

59
Q

Typical gross margin of WOSR?

A

£900/ha

60
Q

When would you typically shear sheep?

A

July

61
Q

Why might a landowner prefer a grazing agreement to an SLDT?

A
  1. Shorter tenure, providing flexibility for the landowner (<364 days)
  2. Landowner does not need to serve notice to quit
  3. Doesn’t attract security of tenure
  4. The landowner remains in occupation and retains the right to claim BPS
  5. Grazing agreements do not need to be registered at the land registry and are exempt from Stamp Duty land tax
  6. Landowner remains in occupation meaning the land can assist with business asset disposal relief from capital gains tax.
  7. Less repairing obligations of the FE
62
Q

What legislation does a Grazing Agreement fall under?

A

First introduced in 1948 act and then repeated in the 1991 Act, but now governed under the 2003 Act

63
Q

What do you know about the tenants right to buy in Scotland?

A

As per the Agricultural Holdings (Scotland) Act 2003, tenants on a 1991 act farm tenancy agreement can register an interest to buy their property. This could be triggered by a sale of ownership transfer.

PK APC 2024 (9 decks)

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