AGN001 Flashcards
is the process by which the instructions in DNA are converted into a functional product.
“Central Dogma”
What year is the central dogma proposed, and who discovered it?
1958 by Francis Crick
The central dogma of molecular biology explains what?
*the flow of genetic information ( from DNA to RNA)
* to make a functional product, a protein.
contains the information needed to make all of our proteins
DNA
It is a messenger that carries this information to the ribosomes
RNA
serve as factories in the cell where the information is ‘translated’ from a code into
the functional product.
Ribosomes
The process by which the DNA instructions are converted into the functional product is called _______________.
gene expression
Give the two key stages of gene expression
transcription and translation
During this stage the information in the DNA of every cell is converted into small, portable RNA messages.
Transcription
During this stage, the messages travel from where the DNA is in the cell nucleus to the ribosomes where they are ‘read’ to make specific proteins.
translation
The central dogma states that the pattern of information that occurs most frequently in our cells
is:
o From existing DNA to make new DNA (DNA Replication)
o From DNA to make new RNA (transcription)
o From RNA to make new proteins (translation)
It is the process by which DNA makes a copy of itself during cell division.
DNA replication
what is the first step in DNA replication?
to ‘unzip’ the double helix structure of the DNA molecule.
an enzyme which breaks the hydrogen bonds holding the complementary bases of DNA together (A with T, C with G).
helicase
separation of the two single strands of DNA creates what shape?
“Y”
what is the “Y” shape created from separation of two single strands of DNA called?
replication ‘fork’
the strands that is oriented in the 3’ to 5’ direction (towards the replication fork).
leading strand
the strand that is oriented in the 5’ to 3’ direction (away from the replication fork).
lagging strand
short piece of RNA (produced by an enzyme called primase) comes along and binds to the end of the leading strand.
a primer
acts as the starting point for DNA synthesis.
primer
Leading strand replication is called ___________.
continuous.
Chunks of DNA that are then added to the lagging strand also in the 5’ to 3’ direction.
Okazaki fragments,
This type of replication is called discontinuous.
Lagging strand
It is an enzyme that strips away the primer(s) once all of the bases are matched up (A with T, C with G)
exonuclease
The new strand is _________ to make sure there are no mistakes in the new DNA sequence.
proofread
an enzyme that seals up the sequence of DNA into two continuous double strands.
DNA ligase
DNA replication is described as _____________, half of the chain is part of the original DNA molecule, half is brand new.
semi-conservative
It is the first step in gene expression. It involves copying a gene’s DNA sequence to make an RNA molecule.
Transcription
Transcription is performed by these enzymes , it links nucleotides to form an RNA strand (using a DNA strand as a template).
RNA polymerases,
Give the three stages of Transcription:
initiation
elongation
termination
Transcription is controlled _________ for each gene in your genome.
separately