AGGRESSION- evolutionary explanation of human aggression e.g infidelity and jealousy

Question 1

what do evoluntionary psychologists argue?

Answer 1

reproductive challenges faced by our ancestors can explain the aggressive b seen in people today

Question 2

what can a man never be certain of?

Answer 2

that he is the father of his wifes children unless prevents her having rels with other men

Question 3

what can this explain?

Answer 3

why male sexual jealousy is often citied as cause of domestic violence

Question 4

what is many countries is seen acceptable?

Answer 4

acceptable to murder an adulterous wife or her lover

Question 5

example of murder on adulterous wife?

Answer 5

among nuer people of east africa a man who commits adultery likely to be killed by lovers husband

Question 6

what is according to daly & wilson?

Answer 6

men have evolved different strategies to deter their partners from committing adultery ranging from vigilance, watching their every move etc

Question 7

what are all these a result of?

Answer 7

male jealousy and paternal uncetainty

Question 8

if a mans partner is unfaithful what does this run a risk of?

Answer 8

cuckoldry

Question 9

why has male sexual jealousy evolved?

Answer 9

to prevent infidelity by women and reduce risk of cuckoldry

Question 10

what did buss et al argue?

Answer 10

males have developed strategies for mate retention

Question 11

what do these include (buss et al)?

Answer 11

direct guarding of female and negative inducements to prevent her straying e.g financial control threat of violence etc

Question 12

what did wilson et al found a support link for?

Answer 12

btw sexual jealous mate retention and violence

Question 13

what happened in the quesitonnaire (wilson et al)?

Answer 13

women who indicated that their partners jealous and did not like them talking to other men twice as likely to have experience violence 72% needing medical attention

Question 14

what is an important implication of research into sexual jealousy and violence?

Answer 14

mate retention techniques can be the early signs of a violent man educating people in these danger signs can reduce likelihood of women =victims

Question 15

what if men can prevent female infidelity by giving positive benefits to stay?

Answer 15

less likely to be violent

Question 16

what if men unable to give positive benefits?

Answer 16

more likely to be jealous and violent

Question 17

what did daly & wilson propose?

Answer 17

unintended outcome of an evolutionary adaption that was intended for control rather than death

Question 18

what does murder represent?

Answer 18

most extreme form of aggression and statstics across the world show that majority killers = men

Question 19

what does one exp of this suggest?

Answer 19

lack of resources may lead to increase ale to male aggression as females believed to be attached to males who have vast resources thus increasing the chances of murder to eliminate rivals

Question 20

what does supporting for this come from ( murder)?

Answer 20

murder statistics in detroit with 43% v being male and 41% perpertrators being unemployed

Question 21

what is another explanation to homicide?

Answer 21

threat to male status

Question 22

what are one of the key reasons for male to male killings?

Answer 22

through the defence of status within social groups

Question 23

what is possible exp for this (male 2 male)?

Answer 23

humans evolved in small groups and loss of ones could have led to problems for survival and reporduction. such b is maladaptive in modern world hw such mechanisms may still continue to operate and be triggered by events that may have activated in past also

Question 24

what is sexual jealousy?

Answer 24

another possible reason for homicide due to link btw infidelity and cuckoldry with men bein biggest victims and perpertators of murder

Question 25

what did daly and wilson summarise data from?

Answer 25

8 studies involving love triangles and found 92% murders involved males killing males and 7%involed females with females supporting explanation

Question 26

what is problem with daly & wilson fro sexual jealousy study?

Answer 26

methodological prob as small sample so generalisation difficult

Question 27

research for this?

Answer 27

shackelton et al

shackleford et al

Question 28

what happened in schackleton et al?

Answer 28

demonstrated link btw male retention jealousy and violence

Question 29

what did schackleton et al do?

Answer 29

surveyed 461 men and 560 women who were in rels. men answered qs about use of male retention techniques and women asked about use of their partners tingand how violent.

Question 30

what was found in schackleton et al?

Answer 30

positive correlation retention and violence also men used emotional manipulation and also positive correlation in jealous partners and violence

Question 31

what happened in shackleford et al?

Answer 31

challenged unintentional nature of uxoridcide outlined by daly and wilson

Question 32

what did schackleford et al do?

Answer 32

analysing 13670 uxoricodies and found that younger women were most at risk as women were in reporductive prime= prblem for them being unintentionally killed

Question 33

what are the issues and debates?

Answer 33

methodological problem-deterministic- gender bias -reductionist-cultural differnces

Question 34

why is it a methodological problem?

Answer 34

with animal studies is that their findings cannot always be generalised to humans due to diff species- humans not determined as animal insticits

Question 35

why is it a deterministic problem?

Answer 35

to suggest we have such ancestral traits is determintis and ignores role of free will

Question 36

why is it gender bias?

Answer 36

most of infidelity focused on males and their straterfies but women also found to have aggression and male retention tactics too. e.g archer - suggests women initate and carry out physical assaults on partners as often as men and family condlict studies have found equal rates of assualt btw make and females

Question 37

why is it reductionist?

Answer 37

evo exp of infidelity and jealousy suggest aggression down to eveolved response and genes which reduction and oversimpfly human b and ignores other factors and role of free will - proving aggression down to evolution is difficult in itself making theory flawed