AGGRESSION-evo exp of group display in humans Flashcards
what are evolutionary explanations?
survival and reproduction
what is link btw survival and reproduction for this?
survive- violence kill someone kill you if survive likely to reproduce
is this the case now?
we all have aggression in us but not that useful anymore
what 2 e.gs do we do in depth?
CRED & xenophobia
what is eea stand for?
environmental evolution adaption
what is eea?
adapted to what we are now b.c increases our survival
what are humans?
complicated animal
what were we back in eea?
little groups
as animals we have innate desires to do what 3 things?
protect ourselves,
protect offspring
protect genes
what is meant by protect ourselves? (another group attacks)
kill all males
what is meant by protect offspring?
kill all kids boys all then yunger females stop
what is meant by protect genes?
mate pass on genes keep all females that look fertile to create new offspring happened in evolutionary time
what do evolutionary approach use these desires for?
explain human b during war and during sport rituals
what are the 2 types of aggression?
to protect and to warn off- same conclusion - im part of this group
what does cred stand for?
credibility enhancing enhancing display of violence
what is cred
“street cred” - violence- earnt respect from others
what is cred sometimes known as?
hazing
what is hazing?
showing committment to group thru doing something violent to themselves
how might religious groups perform cred violence?
suicide bombing, self flagellation, rituals/rights of passage
how cred violence adaptive behaviour?
this is expectation of showing committment to the group gets rid of the problem of beer riders ie those who take advantage of what the group have to offer ( i think - protection mates ) but provides little in return)
how cred violence adaptive behaviour? (1)
means group group is fully altruistic and therfore more chance of survial by members as every member has shown they are willing to sacrfice fight and every member should participate in fght
what does this also mean?
group values more likely to be passed on thru generations
how cred violence adaptive behaviour? (2)
violence shown sugegsts commitment to group they are part of. increases likelihood of cooperation with group ultimate cred in martydom
what is martydom?
giving life for the group to improve
how cred violence adaptive behaviour? (3) what does committment shown by members make others be?
more committed and thus makes moderate memebers become radical- group therefore becomes stronger and more likely to survive martydom=ultimate behaviour to fight anf protect way of life to allow survivalof offspring
what does natural selection favour?
genes that cause cooper within a group and intolerance of others outside therefore= evolutionary advantage to be altruisc and suppress aggression to group members & be aggression and suppress altriusm to non group mem
what do some groups have permanent displays of?
group committment- tribal scars & tattoos others temporary such as body painting
evidence of cred violence?
sosis et al
what was suggested in sosis et al?
religious groups more likely to impose cred like rituals than secular groups, the life span of group is positively correlated with magnitude of creds
what did sosis also look at?
60 diff cultures around world
what if have severe creds?
tribe takes better care of its memebers so live longer?
what else with sosis et al?
60 geographically disposed communities of there was an external threat they displayed permanent displays of credds e.g scars signalling committment
what are group displays?
ritualised displays of aggression by and btw groups of ppl
what will sports involve displays of?
skills and strength, behaviour attract females who will select winning males for reproductive success on the basis of genetic fitness
the positioning of ritualised displays not seen as violent h.w could be a catalyst for serious acts of aggression
how has sport been seen to replace tribal warfare?
where 1 identfiable tribal team goes ritualised battle against another identifiable tribal team. sport involves displays of strength and skill behaviours that may be attractive to females who will select winning males
what are sporting victories increasing?
status and thus reproductive fitness to supporters of team as well as players
what is xenophobia?
fear of outsiders and in sport= opposition.
who shown this?
tutsi and and hutus
what did macdonald suggest?
from evolutionary perspective it is adaptive to exaggerate negative stereotypes about outsiders bc to overestimate threat is less costly than underestimating . avoiding attacj would mean had better chance of reproducing so we must do it at any cost this could explain why sports fans act as a close knit collective with hatred of oppossition fans
what is cross cultural research for xenophobia?
shaw & wong
what was suggested in shaw & wong?
argue that mechanisms that prompt suspison towards strangers would have been followed by natural selection. this would have enabled our ancestors to avoid attratced leader behind offspring?
what was suggested in podaliri & balestri?
found evidence in sports events to suggest such xenophobic responses are evident in humans also in italian football crowds. from end of 1980s xeno polical organisation such as in northern league in italy had lead to extreme right wing movements with racist chants and openly anti semitic banners
eval of shaw & yong?
determinism-prejudice and stereotyping
what happens in other sport with xeno?
not a problem e.g rugby fans sit with fan and supporters relaxed and cricket even encourages fair play suggesting xeno could be learn
A02 OF THIS?
- can this be applied to real world- in basic terms but we have free will laws, norms of b that evolutionaly cannot explain
- only get violence in certain sports so cant generalise
- could it be entertainment not aggression e.g violence cause football not interesting?
- slt- would make more sense in explaining football /differences in behaviour in different sports
