Aggression

Question 1

Irwin and Cressey’s theory…

Answer 1

IMPORTATION MODEL. They claimed that prisoners bring their own social histories and traits with them into prison.

Question 2

3 different subcultures…

Answer 2

The criminal subculture. The convict subculture. The conventional subculture.

Question 3

Harer and Steffensmieier (supporting evidence for the importation model)

Answer 3

Collected data from 58 US prisons and found that black inmates had higher rates of violence, but lower rates of alcohol/drug abuse than white inmates. (parallels between racial groups and behaviours)

Question 4

Situational factors (affecting deprivation) Sykes

Answer 4

policies within the prison, procedures, security, recources, temperature, crowding etc.

Question 5

Staub (5 stages of genocide)

Answer 5

1. Difficult social conditions. 2. Scapegoating the less powerful group. 3. negative evaluation and dehumanisation of that group. 4. Morals become irrelevant (killing begins.) 5. Passivity of bystanders.

Question 6

Failure of intervention of genocide in real world…

Answer 6

Conflicts in the UN have not been stopped even when there have been interventions from outside agencies.

Question 7

Implications for the real world form Staub’s research…

Answer 7

Look for the warning signals and try and stop it before it starts. We can see this being the case in places such as Syria for example, as watching for the warning signs could have prevented much of the conflict.

Question 8

What is cuckoldry?

Answer 8

Cuckoldry is a reproductive cost which can be inflicted on a man as a result of his partner’s infidelity.

Question 9

Buss

Answer 9

Strategies if a male fears cuckoldry= restricting their partner’s autonomy (guarding), threatening their partner, or emotional manipulation.

Question 10

Dobash and Dobash

Answer 10

Supported that sexual jealousy was found to be the main cause for why husbands/boyfriends had beaten up their female partners.

Question 11

Felson

Answer 11

Found in a large US study of 2,060 murders, that women were twice as likely to murder out of jealousy than men.

Question 12

Burch and Gallup

Answer 12

Found that the frequency of violent acts towards pregnant mates was around double those directed at mates who weren’t pregnant. (sexual jealousy was identified as being a characteristic in all males who committed these crimes.)

Question 13

Group display in sports can be seen as?

Answer 13

‘Ritualised aggression.’

Question 14

what is xenophobia?

Answer 14

Fear or hatred towards foreigners/strangers.

Question 15

What did Wilson suggest?

Answer 15

Wilson suggested that it is due to natural selection that we therefore feel more protective towards the members of our own group, especially when in the face of outsiders, which has developed from an evolutionary perspective.

Question 16

Example of threat displays in sports

Answer 16

Samoa adopted a war chant before the 1991 Rugby World Cup to try and intimidate their opponents and make the home team more aggressive towards them.

Question 17

Neave and Wolfson

Answer 17

Found that home teams are more likely to win than the visiting teams because the players have a huge urge in testosterone before the match.

Question 18

Chagnon

Answer 18

Reviewed that male warriors as opposed to non-warriors in traditional societies, tend to have more sexual partners and children. (Therefore direct reproductive benefit?)

Question 19

Bandura

Answer 19

2 groups of pps. (made up of children ages 3-5 years) one group- video (adult and bobo doll- aggression) other group- no aggression. made to feel frustrated. Found that children in the first group reproduced the same aggressive behaviour.

Question 20

Noble

Answer 20

Quote heard after Bandura’s study= “Look Mummy, there’s the doll we’re supposed to hit.”

Question 21

Phillips

Answer 21

Found that daily homicide rates in the US almost always increased in the week following a major boxing match.

Question 22

Miles and Carey

Answer 22

Large meta-analysis. Looked at 24 twin and adoption studies, which found that there is a strong genetic link with aggressive behaviours, which could account for as much as 50% variance in aggression. Found that as age increased, the influence of the environment they were reared in tended to decrease, whereas the influence of their genes increased.

Question 23

What is MAOA?

Answer 23

MAOA is a protein which is associated with aggression, as it has often been found to lower aggression levels. Works with serotonin in the brain, to keep the levels regular. (high levels of serotonin= cause aggression.)

Question 24

Brunner (support for MAOA)

Answer 24

Studied a dutch family. All the male members who had taken part in violent/aggressive crime had abnormally low levels of MAOA, and he found a defect in this gene. (gender bias?)

Question 25

In terms of serotonin and dopamine levels… how are they for aggressive behaviours?

Answer 25

Low serotonin. High dopamine.

Question 26

Mann

Answer 26

Studied 35 healthy pps, gave them a drug to lower serotonin levels. Answered a questionnaire to measure hostility and aggression. Found that in males their level of aggression had increased.

Question 27

Dabbs

Answer 27

Measured salivary testosterone in violent and non-violent criminals . Highest testosterone levels were in those who had a history of violent crimes. lowest in non-violent.

Question 28

Beeman

Answer 28

Did a study on mice, found aggression reduced when he castrated them. (therefore then lower levels of testosterone) Later injected them with testosterone and found aggressiveness was re-established. IDA- farmers making animals manageable.

Question 29

How are antidepressants used in aggression?

Answer 29

To increase serotonin levels.

Question 30

Narabyashi

Answer 30

Found that 43 out of 51 patients whose amydala had been destroyed through psycho-surgery, showed reduced levels of aggression afterwards. (8 cases wasn’t the case though.)

Question 31

Le Bon

Answer 31

Deindividuation theory -collective mindset. less guilt. (increases due to uniform/alcohol/drugs/larger group.)

Question 32

Mullen

Answer 32

Analysed 60 newspaper cuttings of lynchings in the US, and found that the more people were in the mob, the greater the savagery of the killings. Naturally occurring. Only in US though.

Question 33

Dunn and Rodgers

Answer 33

Individuals alter their private self-awareness, let go of morals due to external environment and submerge in a public-self awareness- more likely to be involved in anti-social behaviour.

Question 34

McCorkle

Answer 34

Found that overcrowding, lack of privacy and other situational factors did indeed all significantly influence peer violence.

Question 35

Nijman

Answer 35

Contradictory evidence. Found that in a psychiatric institution, an increase in personal space failure to decrease aggression.