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Psychology > Addiction > Flashcards

Addiction Flashcards

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1
Q

What is mood modification?

A

The change that a person experiences when they consume a drug or take part in an activity.

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2
Q

Definition of addiction…

A

A repetitive habit pattern that involves immediate gratification (short term) and involves negative effects (long term)

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3
Q

Carnes’ 10 signs of addiction:

A
  1. out of control behaviour. 2. severe consequences of behaviour. 3. inability to stop. 4. persistent pursuit. 5. ongoing desire. 6. used as a coping strategy. 7. increased amounts. 8. mood changes. 9. time spent recovering. 10. social/occupational activities sacrificed.
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4
Q

Risk factors of addiction…

A

Stress, age, peer group, personality

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5
Q

Bio explanation (initiation/maintenance/relapse)=

A

Initiation= genetics. Maintenance= Neurotransmitters activated. Relapse= Frontal cortex can become damaged by chemical, less effective decision making, or still have a genetic tendency.

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6
Q

Pathological gambling is associated with…

A

Under-active pituitary adrenal response to gambling stimuli. There is a lack of the release of cortisol- which is a stress hormone which should usually be released.

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7
Q

Paris

A

Found that for recreational gamblers there was high levels of cortisol for watching both gambling stimuli and neutral stimuli, whereas for pathological gamblers there was no cortisol increase for either. This lack of cortisol would encourage them to keep gambling, in order to avoid the unwanted effects of the stress hormone.

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8
Q

What does nicotine lead to? (by affecting the brain chemistry)

A

The release of dopamine.

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9
Q

Buka

A

Women who smoked heavily during pregnancy doubled the risk of their child becoming addicted to tobacco if they began smoking.

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10
Q

Positive reinforcement from smoking=

A

The high you get

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11
Q

Negative reinforcement from smoking=

A

Avoiding withdrawal symptoms

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12
Q

Behavioural explanation (initiation/maintenance/relapse)=

A

Initiation= potential rewards/vicarious reinforcement. Maintenance= association/conditioned stimuli. Relapse= Cues.

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13
Q

Griffiths (operant conditioning- gambling)

A

Argues that gamblers playing slot machines may become addicted because of physiological/ psychological/ social/ financial rewards.

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14
Q

What is intermittent reinforcement?

A

Occasional rewards

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15
Q

Mayeux

A

Found a positive relationship between smoking age 16 and boys popularity 2 years later.

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16
Q

Lawrance and Rubinson (Refusal self-efficacy- relapse of smoking)

A

Those who smoke more frequently have less confidence in their ability to stop and therefore relapse more easily.

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17
Q

Blaszczynski and Nower’s two types of gamblers…

A

Those due to role models and peer groups, and those as a coping mechanism.

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18
Q

Thewissen

A

One room, 33 smokers and a cue to predictive smoking. Another room, cue predicting smoking unavailability. Cue predicting smoking led to greater urge to smoke. IDA.

19
Q

What are heuristics?

A

A cognitive tool, a set of rules for resolving problems, way of trying to analyse information. Addicts use cognitive heuristics in an inappropriate way.

20
Q

Who proposed cognitive heuristics?

A

Mark Griffiths

21
Q

Cognitive explanation (initiation/maintenance/relapse)=

A

Initiation= self medication/expectancy theory. Maintenance= Irrational perceptions/loss of control. Relapse= remember win/forget losses/benefits out-weigh costs.

22
Q

Brandon’s expectancy theory

A

As a way of initiating smoking- expectancy of a positive mood state as a result.

23
Q

Brandon’s automatic processing

A

Unconscious expectancies lead to a loss of control.

24
Q

Moolchan

A

Showed that nicotine patches could increase quitting rates and decrease relapse rates, but only when accompanied by C.B.T. to change the positive expectancies of smoking.

25
Q

Abrams and Hogg

A

Social identity theory. (follow norms of our in-group)

26
Q

Different types of personality… (explains why some people become addicted but others don’t.)

A

Neuroticism (negative/anxious/depressed) Psychoticism (aggressive/impatient/impulsive) Extraversion- introversion (bored/sensation-seekers)

27
Q

Gossop and Eysenck

A

200 addicts at London treatment centres, personalities were assessed using the EPQ. (questionnaire) Found association between N and P personalities and addiction. Those who scored on the E personality were lower on addiction.

28
Q

Driessen

A

Found 30% of drug addicts and 15% of alcoholics suffered from post-traumatic stress disorder.

29
Q

Adolescents are most at risk of addictions. However….

A

About 1/3 of alcoholics develop their habit during retirement. Therefore not age, but time…?

30
Q

Waylen

A

Found a significant relationship between teenagers smoking and the number of films they had seen depicting smoking.

31
Q

Cognitive dissonance theory…

A

Knowing both the positive and negative effects of addictive behaviours and being affected by both. Conflicting ideas though which can make us feel uncomfortable, so need to find consistency. Therefore we alter one of the thoughts and downplay it in our minds.

32
Q

Theory of planned behaviour. (3 components which add up to behavioural intention and therefore whether a person will engage in an addictive behaviour or not.)

A

(Azjen) 1. Attitudes. 2. Subjective norms. 3. Perceived behavioural control.

33
Q

How can we change social norms?

A

Legislation or through education/media.

34
Q

How can methadone be used as a biological intervention?

A

Less addictive drug which mimics the effects of heroine. Helps build up a tolerance, until you no longer need either.

35
Q

No drugs have been found yet for gambling addictions, however, Hollander found…

A

Found gamblers treated with SSRI’s to increase serotonin levels showed significant improvements to the control group.

36
Q

Name some psychological interventions…

A

Reinforcement (give rewards for not engaging in behaviour). CBT (change the way people think about their addiction, find new coping strategies.)

37
Q

Public healthy interventions. NIDA study:

A

487 pps. all addicted to cocaine, randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups. (1. individual counselling 2. CBT 3. psychotherapy 4. group counselling.) Found individual and group counselling worked best.

38
Q

Types of public health interventions:

A

Doctors advice (to cut down), Legislation (laws), ban advertising, increasing the cost, control sales, age restrictions, reducing harmful components, ban drinking/smoking in certain areas (eg public areas).

39
Q

Positives to public health interventions…

A

Won’t trigger associations, will affect some, limits availability, less exposure to role models.

40
Q

Negatives to public health interventions…

A

Makes it more desirable, a lot of time/money/effort if it’s unsuccessful, companies and businesses will protest, unethical to force these changes into people’s lives? People may drink/smoke more to compensate for less strong wines/less nicotine etc.

41
Q

Sarafino

A

Alcoholic dependency was 4 times more likely in children with alcoholic parents.

42
Q

Vink

A

Reported that nicotine dependence was due to genetic (75%) factors- therefore linked to an individual’s nicotine metabolism?

43
Q

What is the diathesis-stress model in the context of the biological explanation for addictions?

A

Genes may predispose individuals to addiction, but an environmental factor is needed to trigger it.

Psychology (5 decks)

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