Aggression

Question 1

What is aggression?

Answer 1

an act performed with the intent to harm another, who wishes to avoid such harm

Question 2

What is direct aggression?

Answer 2

physical and/or psychological attack

Question 3

What is indirect aggression?

Answer 3

attack on social relationships

Question 4

What is proactive aggression?

Answer 4

instrumental - harm is inflicted as a means to the desired end

Question 5

What is reactive aggression?

Answer 5

emotional - harm is inflicted for its own sake

Question 6

What is the frustration-aggression hypothesis?

Answer 6

frustration always elicits the motive to aggress; all aggression is caused by frustration

Question 7

The motive to aggress is a psychological drive that resembles a physiological drive that can lead to…

Answer 7

• Displacement (aggressing against a substitute target)

- Catharsis (the reduction of this motive)

Question 8

When is frustration greatest?

Answer 8

• People are close to reaching their goal

- The obstacle is unexpected

Question 9

What other factors can cause aggression?

Answer 9

• Provocation: insults can increase aggression unless mitigating factors are known in advance
• Pain
• Heat
• Offensive odours
• Air Pollution

Question 10

What happens when negativity is too intense?

Answer 10

escape or fatigue become more dominant so aggression decreases

Question 11

What are aggression-related cues?

Answer 11

Weapons (guns) increase aggressive behaviour

Question 12

How is aggression influenced by learning from direct experience?

Answer 12

direct experience with rewards and punishment can affect the likelihood of future aggressive responses

Question 13

What is the social learning theory?

Answer 13

BOBO DOLL STUDY - indirect learning experience (observing others) affects the likelihood of future aggressive behaviours

Question 14

By watching aggressive behaviours people…

Answer 14

• Learn specific aggressive behaviours
• Develop more positive attitudes and beliefs about aggression in general
• Construct aggressive scripts

Question 15

What are the effects of violent media on aggression?

Answer 15

exposure to violent media increases aggressive behaviour

Question 16

What violent media causes stronger violence?

Answer 16

• described as real vs fiction
• Morally justified by the situation
• Described as revenge
• Is carried out by someone we identify with
• Is approved by an adult

Question 17

What is the culture of honour?

Answer 17

Aggression is used to protect honour with minor conflicts seen as challenges to social status and reputation and can trigger aggressive responses

Question 18

What is the individual difference of narcissism?

Answer 18

Grandiose view of self - higher levels of narcissism = greater aggression

Question 19

What is the individual difference of self-control?

Answer 19

Being able to resist impulses and act in line with personal/societal standards for appropriate behaviour

Question 20

What is the effect of alcohol on aggression?

Answer 20

Alcohol narrows attention to the most salient aspects of a situation and limits the ability to think through implications of cue

Question 21

What is alcohol myopia?

Answer 21

Leads to more extreme behaviour when there is inhibition conflict as people process the salient cue but not the inhibiting cues

Question 22

When can punishment for aggression be effective?

Answer 22

• Prompt: immediately follows aggressive behaviour
• Certain: consistently applied, unavoidable
• Seen as fair/legitimate
• Strong enough to deter the aggressor

Question 23

What is catharsis?

Answer 23

the release of pent up aggression originally thought to be effective behaviour but it backfires

Question 24

How can aggression be prevented?

Answer 24

• Increase empathy: school programs

- Increase self-control: self-control training