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Criminology Unit 4 > Agencies/methods of social control, > Flashcards

Agencies/methods of social control, Flashcards

1
Q

What are the aims of the prison service?

A

Keep them sentenced to prison in custody
Lead law-abiding
Protect the public

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2
Q

How is the prison service funded?

A

Government funded with taxes being raised

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3
Q

What are the working practices of the prison service?

A

4 categories
Category A - high rick/maximum security
Category B - high risk to others
Category C - lower risk but not allowed in the public
Category D - very low risk and due for release soon

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4
Q

What are the aims of the probation service?

A

Works with 30,000 offenders a year and supports rehabilitation
Serves the offenders out of prison; unpaid work, complete education, regular meetings

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5
Q

How is the probation service funded?

A

Funded by the National Offender Management Service

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6
Q

What are the working practices of the probation service?

A

Communicate with victims
Pre sentence reports
Prepare the offender for when they are released

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7
Q

What are the aims of the Judiciary?

A

Make decisions in court
Sentence offenders
Give a summing up of evidence to the jury

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8
Q

How are the Judiciary funded?

A

SSRB
Independent from the government

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9
Q

What are the working practices of the Judiciary

A

Take 2 oaths/affirmations
Be independent
Sum up to the jury

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10
Q

What are the aims of the CPS?

A

Prosecute offenders

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11
Q

How is the CPS funded?

A

Government funded

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12
Q

What are the working practices of the CPS?

A

Complete the evidential stage and public interest stage
If both are successful then the prosecution takes place

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13
Q

What are the aims of the police?

A

Reduce crime
Maintain law
Protect public
Detect crimes

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14
Q

How is the police funded?

A

Government grants
Council tax

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15
Q

What are the working practices of the police?

A

Arrest
Detain
Search

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16
Q

What are the aims of charities (Prison reform trust)?

A

Reduce unnecessary imprisonment
Improve prison conditions

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17
Q

How are charities funded (Prison reform trust)?

A

Volunteers and donations

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18
Q

What are the working practices of charities (Prison reform trust)?

A

Research
Provide advice
Campaign

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19
Q

What are the aims of pressure groups (Howard League)?

A

Less crime, safer communities
Fewer people in prison conditions

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20
Q

How are pressure groups funded (Howard league)?

A

Membership subscriptions and donations

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21
Q

What are the working practices of pressure groups (Howard league)?

A

Campaigns
Works with parliament, media and agencies to attain aims

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22
Q

What are the strengths of the police?

A

Coercion
Fear of punishment
Deterrence

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23
Q

What are the weaknesses of the police?

A

Internal social control not changes
Funding shortage
Staff shortages

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24
Q

What are the strengths of the CPS?

A

Prosecute offenders
Public protection
Deterrence
Fear of punishment

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25
Q

What are the weaknesses of the CPS?

A

Tests to prosecute can be hard to follow
Funding shortage

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26
Q

What are the strengths of the Judiciary?

A

Retribution
Fear of punishment
Public protection

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27
Q

What are the weaknesses of the Judiciary?

A

Appeals
Ineffective at achieving social control
Can be seen as out of touch with society

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28
Q

What are the strengths of prisons?

A

Retribution
Fear of punishment
Deterrence
Rehabilitation

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29
Q

What are the weaknesses of prisons?

A

Overcrowding
Reoffending rates are high
Rioting

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30
Q

What are the strengths of the Probation service?

A

Public protection
Rehabilitation
Reparation

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31
Q

What are the weaknesses of the Probation service?

A

Hard to maintain and control offenders
Difficult to change someone’s internalisation

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32
Q

What are the strengths of charities?

A

Rehabilitation
Help others in need

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33
Q

What are the weaknesses of charities?

A

Funding shortages
Hard to get recognition

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34
Q

What are the strengths of pressure groups?

A

Reduce criminalisation
Protect public

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35
Q

What are the weaknesses of pressure groups?

A

Funding shortages

36
Q

What is CPTED?

A

Crime prevention through environmental design.
Focuses on tactical design and effective use of built environment, which reduces crime and fear of crime

37
Q

What is the aim of CPTED?

A

Reduce/remove the opportunity for crime to occur in an environment.
It is a preventative, proactive model.

38
Q

How does CPTED work?

A

In conjunction with other social, environmental and community based-strategies

39
Q

What are the 5 main principals of CPTED?

A

Physical security, Surveillance, Movement control, Management and maintenance, Defensible space

40
Q

What is physical security?

A

The measures which are used on individual dwellings to ensure that they they withstand attack

41
Q

What is surveillance?

A

Design ensuring that residents are able to observe the areas surrounding their home

42
Q

What is movement control?

A

The restriction of access and through movement. High levels of through movement allow offenders to access and leave an area

43
Q

What is management and maintenance?

A

The process are in place to ensure that a development is free from signs of disorder. This signals that the area is cared for

44
Q

What is defensible space?

A

Ownership of space in a neighbourhood should be clearly defined.
For example:
Public = pavement
Semi public = front garden
Semi private = rear garden
Private = inside the home

45
Q

What are the 3 ways in which CPTED can be managed?

A

Natural, Organised, Mechanical

46
Q

How does natural reduce crime?

A

Basic security, behavioural provisions. Such as borders and windows

47
Q

How does organisation reduce crime?

A

Formal, human security. Such as the police and patrols

48
Q

How does mechanical reduce crime?

A

Incorporation of security hardware. Such as CCTV, locks and lighting

49
Q

How is a panopticon prison designed?

A

Watchtower in the middle of a circular design, prison guard in the tower, prisoners around the outside

50
Q

How is a supermax prison designed?

A

Maximum security, separate units, minimal movement, rural areas

51
Q

What is a similarity between panopticon and super max prisons?

A

Increased numbers of guards maintaining behaviour

52
Q

What is a difference between panopticon and super max prisons?

A

Panopticon prisoners are all around
Super max prisoners are isolated

53
Q

How do panopticon prisons help to create social control?

A

Prison guards in the watch tower so prisoners maintain good behaviour

54
Q

How do super max prisons help to create social control?

A

Increased security of worse type of criminals
Minimal movement - 23 hours a day in their cell

55
Q

What are the limitations of achieving social control in panopticon prisons?

A

Watchtower always needs someone there

56
Q

What are the limitations of achieving social control in super max prisons?

A

23 hours a day in their cell

57
Q

What are gated lanes?

A

Alleyways that have had a gate put in them to prevent crime and deviant acts from happening

58
Q

What are the advantages of gated lanes?

A

Attempts to tackle crime and anti-social behaviour
Makes communities a safe place to live in
Prevents drug addicts from loitering
Not getting rubbish dumped in lanes

59
Q

What are the disadvantages of gated lanes?

A

Restricts access to the rear of properties
Costs approximately £4,000
Dog fouling, drug paraphernalia and fly tipping

60
Q

What are the strengths of CPTED?

A

Reduction in crime due to visibility
Lack of hiding places
Sense of ownership

61
Q

What are the weaknesses of CPTED?

A

Not all crimes are committed in hidden places
Visibility doesn’t put people off
For example, domestic violence

62
Q

What are the strengths of prison design?

A

Fear of punishment
Retribution
Most likely to behave when visible

63
Q

What are the weaknesses of prison design?

A

Expensive
Social controls inmates inside but not when released
Cant watch people 24/7 when outside the prison

64
Q

What are ASBOs?

A

Anti-Social Behaviour Orders
Stops anyone aged 10 or over from harassing, causing alarm or distress to other people

65
Q

What does behaving antisocially include?

A

Drunken or threatening behaviour
Vandalism and graffiti
Playing loud music at night

66
Q

What does getting an ASBO restrict people to do?

A

Going to particular places
Spending time with people who are known as trouble makers
Drinking in the street

67
Q

How long will an ASBO last for?

A

At least 2 years. It can be reviewed if behaviour improves

68
Q

What happens when an ASBO is not obeyed?

A

A criminal offence, which can be taken to court. The sentence that is given will be dependent of your age and the circumstance

69
Q

What are CBOs?

A

Criminal Behaviour Orders.
Used for antisocial offenders who have committed behaviour that has caused harassment, alarm and distress

70
Q

How long can you be sentenced for if you breach a CBO?

A

Up to 5 years in prison

71
Q

What are the benefits of ASBOs/CBOs?

A

Helps find and solve the problem
Helps to understand behaviour in youths

72
Q

What are the limitations of ASBOs/CBOs?

A

Expensive
Breached a lot

73
Q

What are the 4 stages of an ASBO?

A

Stage 1 - letter is sent home
Stage 2 - another letter is hand delivered
Stage 3 - meeting with the offender
Stage 4 - ASBO is imposed

74
Q

How is token economy designed?

A

Increase good behaviour
Decrease bad behaviour

75
Q

What are the advantages of token economy?

A

Behaviour awarded immediately
Simple to understand
Avoids labelling
Used to shape behaviour

76
Q

What are the disadvantages of token economy?

A

Management and training of staff
Not empowering for the individual
Deals with symptoms not the cause
Seen as dehumanising

77
Q

Why is token economy considered unethical?

A

Makes the inmates think that its like that when they are released

78
Q

What are the desires results when using token economy?

A

Rewarded for good behaviour - hopes to be reformed when released back into society

79
Q

What was criminal punishment like before the 18th century?

A

Public execution and corporal punishment

80
Q

What is meant by discipline?

A

The body’s operation can be controlled. Works by coercing and arranging the individuals movements and experience of space and time

81
Q

How is discipline monitored?

A

Hierarchal observation, normalising judgement, examination

82
Q

How does discipline allow new norms to develop for offenders?

A

Processes and human sciences

83
Q

How is discipline enforced by panopticon prisons?

A

Deprive the individual of their freedom and reform them

84
Q

What is rule making?

A

Process of setting out expected behaviour in an institution

85
Q

What are staged/phased procedures?

A

The idea of building upon disciplinary action and following procedures to discipline someone in an institution

86
Q

What are the strengths of disciplinary procedures?

A

Removing freedom and outside controls means behaviour can be controlled easier
Rules allow people to make rational choices
Stage procedures mean an appropriate sanction can be chosen for the behaviour

87
Q

What are the weaknesses of disciplinary procedures?

A

Rules can be ignored
Staged procedures mean people can get away with more
Rules aren’t sanctioned consistently - for example, teachers don’t follow the same sanction policy

Criminology Unit 4 (3 decks)

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