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Pathology > Ageing and Degeneration > Flashcards

Ageing and Degeneration Flashcards

1
Q

Name 4 features associated with ageing

A
  1. Decline in tissue cellularity
  2. Reduced blood flow due to vascular disease
  3. Tissue atrophy
  4. Tissue replacement by an acellular collagenous matrix
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2
Q

What is the histopathological mechanism of HYALINE degeneration?

A

Replacement of normal cells with an acellular, amorphous, eosinophilic material

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3
Q

What is the histopathological mechanism of ELASTOIC degeneration?

A

Defective fibroblast function leads to an altered elastic matrix and reduced elasticity

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4
Q

What is the histopathological mechanism of CALCIFICATION degeneration?

A

Calcium is deposited as hydroxyapetite crystals - can be metastatic in hypercalcaemic states or dystrophic in normocalcaemic states

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5
Q

What is the histopathological mechanism of AMYLOID degeneration?

A

INSOLUBLE protein deposited in tissue around blood vessels and basement membranes

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6
Q

What are the stains used to test for amyloid?

A

H&E stain (Haematoxylin and Eosin) - homogenous pink appearance

Congo red stain WITH Polarised light - Apple green birefringence appearance

Crystal Violet

Thioflavin T

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7
Q

H&E stain produces what appearance with amyloid?

A

Homogenous pink appearance

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8
Q

Congo Red stain produces what appearance with amyloid?

A

Apple green birefringence when examined with polarised light

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9
Q

What is the histopathological mechanism of HYDROPIC degeneration?

A

Reversible change - cells are enlarged containing cytoplasmic Vacoules

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10
Q

What is the histopathological mechanism of CLOUDY SWELLING degeneration?

A

Reversible change - Cells are enlarged and filled with granules or fluid, representing intracellular oedema

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11
Q

What is the histopathological mechanism of FATTY CHANGE degeneration?

A

Fat accumulates in cells for unknown reasons or after damage from different agents

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12
Q

What is the histopathological mechanism of GLYCOGEN INFILTRATION degeneration?

A

Glycogen infiltration into tissue causing structural changes

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13
Q

What are clinical examples of HYALINE degeneration?

A

Walls of arteriosclerotic small vessels of the eye in ageing, diabetes, HTN

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14
Q

What are clinical examples of ELASTOIC degeneration?

A
  • Skin in ageing
  • Pterygia
  • Pseudoxanthoma elasticum - ruptures in Bruch’s membrane expose the choroid (angioid streaks)
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15
Q

What are clinical examples of CALCIFICATION degeneration?

A
  • Band keratopathy: Calcification of Bowman’s layer and superficial stroma
    –> can also occur in hyperparathyroidism, hypervitaminosis D, Sarcoidosis
  • Cataracta Ossea: Calcification in the fibrous and degenerative cortex of the lens
  • Paget’s disease: associated with calcification of Bruch’s membrane
  • Pthisis Bulbi - Ossification of metaplastic fibrous tissue derives from proliferation of the RPE in a hypotonic eye
  • Woven and lamellar bone is located on the inner surface of Bruch’s membrane
  • ossification can extend to the vitreous and choroid
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16
Q

What are clinical examples of AMYLOID degeneration? - Localised

A
  • Solitary nodules in eyelid, conjunctiva, orbit
  • In the cornea - seen as Lattice dystrophy, gelatinous drop-like dystrophy
  • Amyloid from polypeptide hormones in endocrine tumours
  • Amyloid from prealbumin leads to cerebral deposits in Alzheimer’s disease
17
Q

What are clinical examples of AMYLOID degeneration? - Systemic

A
  • Pseudoexfoliation syndrome:
    -An amorphous, eosinophillic substance is deposited on the anterior lens capsule, ciliary processes, iris, TM leading to secondary glaucoma
  • Waldenstrom’s Macroglobulinaemia:
    -Amyloid is light chain derived from Immunoglobulins

-RA/Familial mediteranean fever:
-Amyloid is derived from serum protein (an acute phase reactant)

18
Q

What are clinical examples of HYDROPIC degeneration?

A

Infection
Intoxication
Anaemia
Circulatory disturbance

19
Q

What are clinical examples of CLOUDY SWELLING degeneration?

A

Mild Infection
Intoxication
Anaemia
Circulatory disturbance

20
Q

What are clinical examples of FATTY CHANGE degeneration?

A
  • Arcus Senilis: Fatty infiltration of the peripheral stroma
  • Xanthelasma: Lipid within clumps of macrophages in the dermis of the eyelid (with ageing/high cholesterol)
  • Deposition of lipid and cholesterol in the intima of arteries - leading to atheroma/thrombosis
21
Q

What are clinical examples of GLYCOGEN INFILTRATION degeneration?

A
  • Diabetes Mellitus - Lacy vacuolation of iris pigment epithelium
  • Long standing neural retinal detachment due to lack of nutrition and in proliferating RPE cells
22
Q

Define Dystrophy

A

A primary Inherited disorder that can occur at any age

  • They may involve a single matrix component

Pathology (15 decks)

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