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Geriatrics > Ageing > Flashcards

Ageing Flashcards

1
Q

How much does average performance deteriorate by after the age of 30

A

o.8/0.9% each year

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2
Q

What are the 2 theories that underpin the idea behind intrinsic ageing of cells?

A

Genetic theory - cells have a coded death time or runs out of genetic material
Error theory - not programmed but actually accumulate DNA errors, free radicals

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3
Q

What is the term given to describe the changes seen in the median survival of the population over the past couple hundred years?

A

Rectangularisation of the survival curve

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4
Q

People at the extremes of the biological/chronological age ratio are known as having what types of ageing?

A

Accelerated or retarded

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5
Q

Group of syndromes that carry accelerated rates of ageing? 3 subtypes

A

Progeroid syndromes
Hutchinson-Gilford progeria
Werner progeria
Cockayne syndrome

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6
Q

Physiology behind Hutchinson-Gilford progeria?

A

Mutation in gene for Lamin A that forms nuclear lamina so forms abnormal protein Progerin which sticks to nuclear envelope and stops cell division

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7
Q

What are the presenting symptoms in children with Hutchinson-Gilford progeria?

A

Failure to thrive
Scleroderma
Full body alopecia
Small face and shallow recessed jaw, pinched nose

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8
Q

What is the typical life expectancy of someone with Hutchinson-Gilford progeria?

A

mid teens early twenties

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9
Q

Where does the mutation occur in Werner Syndrome?

A

WRNp protein

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10
Q

What is WRNp protein needed for?

A

DNA repair

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11
Q

What are the 6 cardinal symptoms of Werner Syndrome?

A

Premature greying of hair or hair loss, bilateral cataracts, atrophied tight skin, soft tissue calcification, sharp facial features, abnormally high pitched voice

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12
Q

Where is the mutation in Cockayne Syndrome?

A

ERCC6 or ERCC8

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13
Q

What is the inheritance pattern of Cockayne Syndrome?

A

Autosomal recessive

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14
Q

What is the physiology that occurs in Cockayne Syndrome? symptoms?

A

Mutation means that once DNA is damaged it cannot repair itself
Demyelination of neurones
Decreased white matter
Premature ageing

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15
Q

4 interventions can be put in place to limit ageing process?

A

Calorific restriction
Anti-oxidant therapy
Hormonal manipulation
Immune restoration

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16
Q

What is the OKINAWA Study? What 4 factors to a long life did it find were crucial?

A

Lots of exercise
Healthy arteries with less than 4umols/l cholesterol
Fresh fruit and vegetables
Good family and social support

17
Q

What did the Danish Cohort Survery look at and what did it discover?

A

It looked at self rated health and functional ability of nonogenerians
Found women to be more disabled due to osteoporosis and decreased Vit D from oily fish and sunlight

18
Q

What did the Perls Boston Study classify elderly as?

A

Escapers - no disease
Delayers - disease diagnosed after 80 years old
Survivors - disease diagnosed before 80 years old

19
Q

3 main ways to avoid CV disease?

A

Low BMI
Low overall cholesterol with a high HDL
No smoking

20
Q

What is the gene that codes for apolipoprotein E protein?

A

ApoE gene

21
Q

What do apolipoproteins do? what different allele types are there? which lower cholesterol and which increase?

A

found in the chylomicrons and IDL that transport fat and cholesterol into blood stream
E2, E3, E4
E2 lowers cholesterol
E4 raises cholesterol

22
Q

What makes NK cells unique?

A

They can recognise stressed cells without needing antibodies or MHC

23
Q

What is a pro-inflammatory cytokine and what is an anti-inflammatory cytokine?

A 
pro-inflammatory = IL6
Anti-inflammatory = IL10
24
Q

Why are mitochondrial genes important in healthy ageing?

A

They play a role in production of free radicals

25
Q

Name a good mitchondrial gene to have any what it prevents?

A

the J haplotype mitchondrial DNA

Lower arthritis, eye disorders and higher function in old age

26
Q

What does the MTFHR gene do? what does it produce? what is it a risk factor for? how can risk be minimised?

A

Gene produces homocysteine
Risk factors for endothelial damage
Risk minimised by folate - eating leafy greens, broccoli

27
Q

What food down regulated NfKb inflammatory pathway?

A

Tumeric

28
Q

What does sweet potato contain that interacts with insulin signalling pathway?

A

Sirtuin

Geriatrics (10 decks)

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