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World History > Age Of Enlightenment, Scientific Revolution, Exploration, Revolution > Flashcards

Age Of Enlightenment, Scientific Revolution, Exploration, Revolution Flashcards

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1
Q

Italian scientist, improved the telescope, made observations that proved the Copernican view of the universe; 1633: church forced him to recant and placed him under house arrest

A

Galileo Gallilei

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2
Q

Believed in observation of the world, believed scientists should experiment, scientists theorize and test their theories; scientific method

A

Francis Bacon

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3
Q

Doubt all unless reason proves otherwise, natural world follows all basic laws, “i think, therefore i am”

A

Rene Descartes

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4
Q

Laws of gravitation

A

Sir Isaac Newton

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5
Q

Laws of planetary motion

A

Johannes Kepler

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6
Q

“Life is short”, life is chaos; monarchs must be absolute in order to preserve order

A

Thomas Hobbes

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7
Q

Believed problems exist in a state of nature, purpose of gvt should be to protect natural rights; life, liberty, and property

A

John Locke

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8
Q

A time period also known as the Age of Reason; 18th century Europe

A

Age of Enlightenment

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9
Q

Causes of Enlightenment

A

The religious warfare of the 1600s, Louis XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes

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10
Q

Louis XIII’s chief minister; strengthened the monarchy’s power; took away huguenots political and military rights; set up network of spies to uncover plots by nobles

A

Cardinal Richelieu

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11
Q

Sought to increase France’s wealth and power by following mercantilism; granted subsidies to new industries; built roads and canals; raised tariffs on foreign goods

A

Jean-Baptiste Colbert

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12
Q

Took control of gvt and crushed a revolt led by nobles

A

Cardinal Mazarin

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13
Q

Built a large and efficient standing army; set up the General War Commissariat to levy taxes for the army; laid foundation for the Prussian state

A

Frederick William the Great Elector

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14
Q

First czar of Russia; expanded territories of Russia eastward; crushed the power of the Russian nobility (boyars); stabbed son to death

A

Ivan IV

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15
Q

New czar after Ivan IV; had dynasty

A

Michael Romanov

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16
Q

Absolutist monarch who claimed the divine right to rule; divided Russia into provinces and modernized it

A

Peter the Great

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17
Q

Military genius; purged Parliament of any members who had not supported him; dispersed Rump Parliament by force; got Charles I executed; set up military dictatorship

A

Oliver Cromwell

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18
Q

System in which ruler holds total power

A

Absolutism

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19
Q

Believed that he received his power from God and was responsible only to God

A

James I

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20
Q

Believed in divine right of kings; tried to impose more ritual on the Church of England; was beheaded.

A

Charles I

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21
Q

Heliocentric view, afraid of the church, published book on deathbed

A

Nicholas Copernicus

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22
Q

Rulers tried to govern by Enlightenment principles while mainting their royal powers

A

Enlightened absolutism

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23
Q

One of the best educated and most cultured monarchs; well versed in enlightenment ideas

A

Frederick the Great

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24
Q

Worked to centralize and strengthen the state; worked to improve the condition of the serfs; monarch of Austria

A

Maria Theresa

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25
Q

Ruler of Russia; intelligent woman who favored enlightened reforms

A

Catherine the Great

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26
Q

What caused austrian succession?

A

King Frederick II invaded Austrian Silesia

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27
Q

What were the results of the Austrian Succession?

A

Agreed to Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle; Maria Theresa rebuilt her army

28
Q

Who fought at the War in India?

A

Britain and France

29
Q

What were the results of the War in India?

A

British won b/c more persistence; Treaty of Paris signed

30
Q

Who were some of the combatants in the War in North America?

A

British and French

31
Q

What were the results of the War in North America?

A

Great Britain became the world’s greatest colonial power

32
Q

went around the cape and cut across the Indian Ocean to the coast of India; took on a cargo of spices. Made a profit of several thousand percent

A

Vasco de Gama

33
Q

believed he could reach Asia by sailing west instead of east around Africa; reached the Americas in 1492 where he explored coastline of Cuba; believed he had reached Asia and reached all major Caribbean islands and Hondura

A

Christopher Columbus

34
Q

a fleet of warships

A

armada

35
Q

spanish conqueror of Mexico

A

Hernan Cortes

36
Q

Venetian seamen; explored the New England coastline of the Americas for England

A

John Cabot

37
Q

Aztec monarch

A

Montezuma

38
Q

destroyed Incan empire; established new capital at Lima for a new colony of the Spanish Empire

A

Francisco Pizarro

39
Q

right of landowners to use Native Americans as laborers

A

encomienda

40
Q

a set of principles that dominated economic thought in the 17th century

A

mercantilism

41
Q

hierarchy of Latin America

A
  • penninsulares: Spanish and Portuguese officials who had been born in Europe and held all important government positions
  • creoles: descendants of Europeans born in Latin America
  • mesitzoes: offspring of Europeans and Native Americans
  • mulattoes: offspring of Africans and Europeans
42
Q

large agricultural estates

A

plantations

43
Q

pattern of trade connecting Europe, Africa, and the Americas

A

triangular trade

44
Q

the journey of enslaved people from Africa to the Americas

A

Middle Passage

45
Q

treaty that called for line of demarcation extending from north to south through the Atlantic Ocean and the easternmost part of the South American continent

A

Treaty of Tordesillas

46
Q

recognized Catholicism as the official religion of France; gave the Huguenots the right to worship and to enjoy all political privileges such as holding public offices

A

Edict of Nantes

47
Q

named Elizabeth as “the only supreme governor” of both church and state

A

The Act of Supremacy

48
Q

the Huguenot political leader; converted to Catholicism

A

Henry of Navarre

49
Q

became the leader of the Protestant nations of Europe and laid the foundations for a world empire; repealed the laws favoring Catholics; foreign policy; tried to keep Spain and France from becoming too powerful by balancing power

A

Elizabeth Tudor I

50
Q

french Protestants influenced by John Calvin

A

Huguenots

51
Q

protestants in England inspired by Calvinist ideas

A

Puritans

52
Q

belief that you received power from God and was responsible only to God

A

divine right of kings

53
Q

supporters of the King

A

Cavaliers or Royalists

54
Q

parliamentary forces

A

Roundheads

55
Q

leader of Spain; supporter of militant Catholicism; tried to crush Calvinism in Netherlands

A

King Phillip II of Spain

56
Q

divided more than three hundred states of the Holy Roman Empire into independent states and gave them power to determine their own religion and to conduct their own foreign policy

A

Peace of Westphalia

57
Q

William invaded England in 1688; James sent forward his army and retreated to London

A

Glorious Revolution

58
Q

set forth Parliament’s right to make laws and to levy taxes; stated that standing armies could be raised only with Parliament’s consent; impossible for kings to oppose or to do without Parliament; right of citizens to keep arms and have a jury trial

A

Bill of Rights

59
Q

Russian noble

A

boyar

60
Q

defeat of Turks; took control of all of Hungary, Transylvania, Croatia, and Slavonia

A

Hapsburgs of Austria

61
Q

involved France, Spain, Sweden, Denmark, Austria, and numerous states of Germany; caused by conflict between Protestants and Catholics

A

Thirty Years War

62
Q

gvt had three branches; system of checks and balances through separation of powers

A

Montesquieu

63
Q

criticism of Christianity and tolerance of religious toleration; deism; world worked like a clock

A

Voltaire

64
Q

created the Encyclopedia

A

Dennis Diderot

65
Q

The Wealth of Nations; state should not interfere in economic matters; gvt should defend citizens from injustice, protect society from invasion, keep up certain public works that private individuals could not afford

A

Adam Smith

66
Q

society agrees to be governed by its general will (social contract); sought a balance between heart and mind, between emotions and reason

A

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

World History (5 decks)

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