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Immunology-Week 3 & 4 > Age & Nutrition > Flashcards

Age & Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two modifiers that can affect the immune system?

A

Nutrition & Age

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2
Q

What are the examples of malnutrition and causes?

A
  1. kwashiorkor: PEM that leads to edema and bloating of belly.
  2. marasmus: Energy-deficiency that leads to wasting of the body.
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3
Q

How does PEM affect the immune system?

A

PEM has a greater effect on INNATE immunity than any other nutrient.

PEM decreases physical (epithelial) & Physiological barriers.

PEM decreases the function of macrophages, neutrophils, and NK cells.

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4
Q

Describe Iron Deficiency & Effects

A
  • Micronutrient Deficiency
  • Decreases the function of macrophages & neutrophils
  • Decreaes pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-a & IL-6)
  • Inhibits the proliferation of T cells & Thymic function

“IT” (Iron –> affect Thymic/T-cells)

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5
Q

Why is iron important for microbes?

A
  • Microbes (especially bacteria) depend on iron for growth.

* High iron status promotes microbial infections.

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6
Q

What enzymes/protein affect iron status in a human host?

A
  • Lactoferrin and other (fe-containing chaperones)
  • Antioxidants (Haptoglobin & Hemopexin)
  • Hepcidin
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7
Q

Describe Vitamin A Deficiency & Effects

A
  • Micronutrient Deficiency
  • Skews immune system towards Th1 response
  • Reduce Th2-driven antibody response to vaccines
  • Increase mortality and morbidity
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8
Q

How Does Obesity Affect The Immunity?

A
  • Cause chronic low grade inflammation (lowers effects of inflammation when necessary)
  • Increases pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-a & IL-6)
  • Increases thymic aging & reduces T-cell differentiation
  • Increase susceptibility to infection & wound complications
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9
Q

When does active IgG transportation occur?

A

Second Trimester (20-30 wks)

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10
Q

Cell-Mediated Immunity In Infants

A
  • Very little IL-12
  • Favors Th2 & Th17 Cells
  • T-cell activation is impaired (MHC expression & co-stimulation)
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11
Q

What physiological barriers are yet to be developed in infants?

A
  1. GI tract enzymes, stomach acid
  2. Normal Flora
  3. IgA
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12
Q

What does breastmilk provide for infants?

A
  • maternal IgA, IgM, and also IgG

- maternal Antibiotic-producing B cells

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13
Q

What are the effects of surface (MHC) & co-stimulatory molecules in infants?

A
  1. Diminished CD4 cells helping B cells –> delay in Ig synthesis, class switching
  2. Lack of CD8 CTL against viral infections
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14
Q

At what age does serum IgG, IgM, and IgA of a child reach “adult levels”?

A

Age 5-6

** IgA slower to rise

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15
Q

At what age does lymphocyte (CD4) count reach “adult levels”?

A

Age 6

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16
Q

What are three hallmarks of aging?

A
  1. Primary (causes of cellular damage)
  2. Antagonistic (responses to damage)
  3. Integrative (culprits of the phenotype; irreversible effects)
17
Q

Genomic instability, Telomere Attrition, Epigenetic Alterations, and Loss of Proteostasis are examples of

A

Primary Hallmarks

18
Q

Deregulated nutrient sensing and mitochondrial dysfunction are examples of

A

Antagonistic Hallmarks

19
Q

Stem cell exhaustion and Altered intercellular communication are examples of

A

Integrative Hallmarks

20
Q

How does aging affect lymphocytes?

A
  • Decreased production of B and T cellsin BM & Thymus.

- Reduced function of mature (CD4 & CD8) lymphocytes in secondary lymphoid tissues.

21
Q

What is the primary cause of T cell dysfunction in the elderly?

A

Thymic Involution (fewer naive T cells)

22
Q

What is the major cause of humoral immunity dysfunction in the elderly?

A

Diminished B cell proliferation & CD4 T cell help (CD40L)–> poor response to vaccination

23
Q

How does aging change innate immune cells?

A
  • Expression of MHC II decreases
  • Co-stimulation of APC decreases
  • Impair the function of neutrophils
  • TLR 7,8,9 (viral RNA, DNA) signaling is altered

Immunology-Week 3 & 4 (11 decks)

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