Age

Question 1

Gratton (2018)

Answer 1

ageism appears to begin against women when they are over 40 & 45 for men

Question 2

Ageism

Answer 2

Someone treats you unfairly because of your age

Question 3

Ray (2006)

Answer 3

employers assume that older workers are less competent & are reluctant to promote them

Question 4

Lain (2012)

Answer 4

employees aged 65-69, tended to be in LOPAQ: low paid/part time/require few qualifications, may be because such jbs are less desirable to prime working age population

Question 5

Minimum wage

Answer 5

pay someone differently based on age even when they are doing exactly the same job

Question 6

ONS (2022)

Answer 6

% of young people who were NEET, not in education/employment/training was estimated at 10%, higher than general unemployment rate (4%)

Question 7

Laslett (1991)

Answer 7

3 ages of life
-1st age-period of socialisation
-2nd stage-phase of work & childrearing
-3rd stage-time of independence

Question 8

Milne et al (1999)

Answer 8

Social inequalities experienced by different age groups can affect life chances e.g. child poverty

Question 9

Moore

Answer 9

Dressed as old woman, assumptions were made about her perceived age, deaf & easily confused
old people are disadvantaged not necessarily by physical old age, but by people’s stereotypical assumptions

Question 10

CPAG

Answer 10

3.9M, kids living in poverty in UK in 2020-21, 27% of kids

Question 11

Children from Black and minority ethnic groups

Answer 11

More likely to be in poverty, 46% are now in poverty, compared to 26% of White British families

Question 12

Work doesn’t guarantee a route out of poverty

Answer 12

75% of kids growing up in poverty live in a working class household where at least 1 person works, pay is low so it doesn’t support them

Question 13

Age UK

Answer 13

18% (2M) pensioners are living in poverty, 1.1M are living in severe poverty

Question 14

Age UK

Answer 14

25,000 older people die prematurely from cold related illnesses each year, direct result of fuel poverty

Question 15

Age UK

Answer 15

UK state pension is lowest in developed world, it doesn’t always cover needs, many have no choice to continue working after they have reached retirement age cause they cannot pay their bills

Question 16

Wayne (2007)

Answer 16

82% stories focused on young people as perpetraitors/victims of crime-related stories, stories avout young peoplle are affected by problems in education, housing, health, unemployment, politics,
1% of interviews & opinions were young people

Question 17

Landis (2002)

Answer 17

1D portrayals of older people on TV, grumpy old man/feisty old woman/depressed/wisdom
they ignore complexity of real characters

Question 18

Van Norman and Milner

Answer 18

Often missing balanced view of aging, doesn’t reflect challenges of getting older, while embracing opportunities associated with age

Question 19

Ageist Britain

Answer 19

> 2,400 ageist terms were used, ‘old fart’ & ‘little old lady/man’ being most frequent

Question 20

Victor (Weber)

Answer 20

Negative labels may result in self fulfilling prophecy, as they can force them to act out the elderly role

Question 21

Religion, culture & age

Answer 21

-Islamic world, rarely old people homes
-caring for parents in most difficult time is considered an honour, blessing & opportunity for great spiritual growth
-Religion & culture dictate the treatment of the youth
-Aging is socially constructed

Question 22

Differences in treatment of old in different cultures

Answer 22

-Saudi Arabia-family that have all the power are largely all in 80s+ (Gerontocracy)
-Tamil Nadu - Genocides/suicides/abandonment to death/killing of the old

Question 23

Gentleman

Answer 23

Shows even with good care & safe environment the lack of visits from relatives & monotony make it unpleasant experience in care home

Question 24

Kagan - Activity & Aging
Colombia

Answer 24

-Old tended to remain socially & economically active, as far as physically possible
-Don’t constitute gerontocracy
-Seen as valued & respected members of the community

Question 25

Parsons

Answer 25

Argues that young & elderly conform to & accept their roles everyone in society will benefit (consensus theory)

Question 26

Parsons, Bridge Analogy

Answer 26

Young have transitionally period between childhood & adulthood, whilst they cross this bridge young cannot be given full rights that adults have and they will feel discriminated against ], they are wrong society is teaching they must prove themselves before being given equal rights

Question 27

How consensus theorists 'blame' elderly for own inequality

Answer 27

Less physically able to maintain roles in society, and a new role is required e.g. looking after grandkids Functionalists view this in terms of social roles & social stability

Question 28

Disengagement Theory's view of age inequality

Answer 28

Functional for society & inevitable that older people will begin to withdraw from the workplace& other aspects of their life as their abilities & competence starts to decline , functional for society as older people need to make way for younger people

Question 29

Cumming & Henry - Disengagement theory

Answer 29

-functional for society for the elderly to to begin to anticipate their own deaths & disengage from their work roles -retirement from work is a marker of that acceptance -allows for society to be refreshed

Question 30

Disengagement theory AO3

Answer 30

-Ignores negative effects of aging -many elderly cannot afford to retire -not representative-based on a small no. of interviews-out of date

Question 31

New Right view of age inequality - Murray

Answer 31

-Blamed the young people for their inequality, rather than looking at social problems -Blamed families for having dependency culture, caused by living on benefits -Concerned about teenage pregnancy 7 unmarried mothers, assumed state would provide them with flat & income -Fathers don't accept responsibility & live on benefits

Question 32

Murray Evaluation

Answer 32

-MacDonald & Marsh's study of young people living in deprived areas directly challenged, they longed to get out of poverty, but saw no opportunities -Murry disregards that many youngsters live in Areas of multiple deprivation, which offer little/no opportunity to get out of poverty

Question 33

New Right view of age inequality - older people

Answer 33

-Question whether the state has a responsibility to support older people as they age -See state pension as generous & disincentives people from saving for their retirement

Question 34

Marxist criticism of New Right - Philipson

Answer 34

New Right, capitalist society will find every reason to neglect elderly & exploit youth as elderly are seen as a 'burden' to society & 'drain on the economy'

Question 35

Marxist view on age inequality for young

Answer 35

-Can be value for bourgeoisie -Can be exploited as cheap source of labour, due to lower minimum wages

Question 36

Marxist view on age inequality for old

Answer 36

-Can be exploited by capitalist system through willingness to take on voluntary work & care for kids -Save state money by caring for grandkids

Question 37

Phillipson - Capitalist society see elderly as burden on society

Answer 37

-Older people are given little attention as they no longer work, still drain economy-NHS needs, pensions, extra heating allowances -Institutionally marginalised by being made to retire & forced to become dependent on the state, only so capitalists can employ cheaper younger people

Question 38

Marx - Reserve Army of Labour

Answer 38

-0hr contracts -groups that can be exploited at boom times & dismissed once boom has ended -Both young & old

Question 39

Gramsci - False Consciousness

Answer 39

-Don't realise they are being exploited -Receive concessions (not paying tax, pensions) they accept the situation believing it to be fair & assumes the state cares about them, therefore don't question exploitation

Question 40

Postmodernist criticism of Marxist views

Answer 40

-Treating experience of aging as homogenous

Question 41

Weberian's view of age inequality of old

Answer 41

-older age group have low market position, due to negative stereotypes -although they are experienced, skills & knowledge seen as out of date -Recruitment website 2017-1/3 of workers claimed that they had been rejected for a job because of their age -Older people have low status in society

Question 42

Functionalist criticisms of Weberian views

Answer 42

-argue that older workers shouldn't be working at all -disengagement theory

Question 43

Parkin

Answer 43

-Negatively privileged status group, they are excluded from high status groups through social closure

Question 44

Postmodernists criticisms of Weberian views

Answer 44

-Criticise for treating experience of aging as homogenous

Question 45

Weberian's view of age inequality of young

Answer 45

-Have low status in society, ignored, stereotyped & dismissed by wider adult society

Question 46

Townsend

Answer 46

-Age inequality links with social class, working class end up worst -UK 75% of kids growing up in poverty live in Working Class household where at least 1 parent works

Question 47

Marxist criticisms of Weberian views

Answer 47

-Capitalist society exploits & neglects the young & old, as they aren't seen as valuable -Feel as if Weberians dont go far enough in their views