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IMMUNOSERO > Ag and Ab > Flashcards

Ag and Ab Flashcards

1
Q

macromolecules that is capable triggering an adaptive immune response by inducing formation of antibodies or sensitized T cells of an immunocompetent host

A

Immunogen

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2
Q

can evoke an immune response

A

Immunogen

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3
Q

substance that reacts with ab or sensitized T cells but may not evoke an immune response

A

Antigen

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4
Q

can only bind sensitized T cells or antibody, not capable of sensitizing T and B cells

A

Antigen

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5
Q

Ability to induce a humoral and/or cell mediated immune response

A

immunogenicity

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6
Q

ability to combine specifically with the final products of the immune response

A

antigenicity

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7
Q

ability of Ag to react specifically with a free Ab or membrane coupled BCR

A

antigenicity

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8
Q

active regions of immunogen that binds to antigen-specific receptors on lymphocytes or to secreted antibodies

A

Epitope

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9
Q

binds either to Tcell receptor and antibodies

A

epitope

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10
Q

determinant site which are recognized by Bcells/Tcells

A

epitope

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11
Q

a substance that is non-immunogenic but it can react with the products of a specific immune response with no antibody formation

A

Hapten

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12
Q

non-protein and low molecular weight (less than 10,000) that could never induce an immune response when administered by themselves unless it coupled to a carrier molecule

A

hapten

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13
Q

has the property of antigenicity but not immunogenicity

A

hapten

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14
Q

Factors influencing immunogenicity

A
  • Foreignness
  • size
  • chemical composition and complexity
  • route, dosage, and timing
  • adjuvants
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15
Q

the more different the composition, the greater the response induced

A

foreignness

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16
Q

t/f - all immunogens are considered as antigens but not all antigens are considered immunogens

A

t

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17
Q

derived from the same individual

A

autoantigen

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18
Q

derived from the same species

A

alloantigens

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19
Q

derived from different species (gives increased response)

A

heteroantigen

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20
Q

Ag found in unrelated plants and animals, cross react with Ab of another

A

Heterophile antigens

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21
Q

the larger the MW, the more immune response induced

A

size

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22
Q

amount of potent Ag

A

> 10,000 Daltons

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23
Q

example of a good immunogen and how many daltons

A

Albumin - 40,000 daltonse

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24
Q

example of excellent immunogen and how many daltons

A

Hemocyanin - 1 million daltons

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25
Q

most immunogenic

A

protein

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26
Q

2nd most immunogenic

A

polysaccharide

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27
Q

non-immunogenic

A

lipids and nucleic acids

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28
Q

examples of microbes

A
  • capsules
  • cell wall
  • toxins
  • viral capsids
  • flagella
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29
Q

example of non microbes

A
  • pollen
  • egg whites
  • RBC surface molecules
  • serum proteins
  • surface molecule from transplanted tissue
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30
Q

effective routes of Ag

A

intravenous and intraperitoneal

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31
Q

stronger stimulus than subcutaneous or intramuscular

A

intradermal

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32
Q

t/f: general rule for route, dosage and timing - the smaller the dose, the less response

A

t

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33
Q

substance added to vaccine and less immunogenic molecules (hapten) to increase the immune response

A

Adjuvants

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34
Q

fxn of adjuvants

A
  • stimulates T cells: enhance cell mediated immunity
  • stimulate B cells: enhance humoral response
  • stimulate phagocytosis
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35
Q

adjuvant that is water in oil emulsion of Mycobacterium/ Bordatella pertussis/ MTB

A

Complete Freund’s Adjuvant

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36
Q

adjuvant for animals

A

Complete Freund’s Adjuvant

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37
Q

Adjuvant that stimulates B-cells

A

Lipopolysaccharide

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38
Q

adjuvant that stimulates phagocytosis

A

Alum adjuvant

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39
Q

adjuvant for humans

A

Alum adjuvant

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40
Q

adjuvant from shark oil, for HIV vaxx

A

Squalene

41
Q

Ag which can directly stimulate the B cells to produce Ab without the requirement for T cell help

A

T independent Ag

42
Q

Example of T independent Ag

A

POLYSACCHARIDES
- Pneumococcal polysaccharides
- lipopolysaccharide
- flagella

43
Q

those that do not directly stimulate the production of Ab without the help of T cells

A

T-dependent Ag

44
Q

example of T-dependent Ag

A

PROTEINS
- Microbial protein

45
Q

glycoproteins that recognize and bind to a particular Ag with very high specificity

A

Antibodies

46
Q

made in response to exposure to the Antigen

A

Antibodies

47
Q

t/f: each antibody has at least 2 identical sites that bing antigen: Antigen binding sites (epitope) will bind to the paratope (antibody binding site)

A

t

48
Q

antibodies belong to a group of serum called___ which are proteins in nature

A

IgG

49
Q

what is the pH of Ab during Electrophoresis

A

8.6

50
Q

in what band does the immunoglobulin primarily appear in at pH 8.6 during electrophoresis

A

Alpha band

51
Q

example of alpha band

A

albumin (cathode)

52
Q

fastest band to migrate in electrophoresis

A

alpha band

53
Q

lightest band to migrate in electrophoresis

A

gamma band

54
Q

what immunoglobulin activate the classical pathway

A

IgG and IgM

55
Q

general functions of immunoglobulins

A
  1. Neutralize toxic substances (especially those that are
    produced by pathogens like bacteria, viruses, parasites and
    fungi)
  2. Facilitate phagocytosis and kill microbes
  3. Combine with antigens on cellular surfaces and thereby cause
    the destruction of these cells either extravascular (outside the
    blood vessels within the mononuclear- phagocyte system,
    also known as Reticular endothelial system (RES))) or
    intravascularly
56
Q

primary organ where antigens are destroyed

A

spleen

57
Q

postulated that certain cells had specific surface receptors for antigen

A

Paul Ehrlich

58
Q

Occurred once antigen was introduced, it would select the cell
with proper receptor, combination would take place and
receptors would break off and enter the circulation as
antibody molecules

A

Ehrlich’s side chain theory

59
Q

New receptors would form in place of those broken off and
enter the circulation as antibody molecules

A

Ehrlich’s Side Chain theory

60
Q

Antibody producing cells are capable of synthesizing a
generalized type of antibody and when contact with an
antigen occurs, the antigen serves as a mold or template and
alters protein synthesis so hat antibody with specific fits is
made

A

template theory

61
Q

who proposed the template theory

A

Felix Haurowitz

62
Q

Most accepted theory for antibody diversity

A

Clonal Selection

63
Q

independently supported
the idea of clonal selection process for antibody formation

A

Niels Jerne and Mcfarlane Burnet

64
Q

The key premise is that individual lymphocytes are genetically programmed to produce one type of immunoglobulin and that a specific antigen finds or selects
those particular cells capable of responding to it, causing to
proliferate

A

Clonal Selection

65
Q

worked on Immunoglobulin G (IgG)

A
  • Gerald Edelman
  • Rodney Porter
66
Q
  • Consist of 4 polypeptide chains
  • Subdivided into 2 Heavy chain (large chain) and 2 Light chain
    (L chain)
A

Basic Structure of Ab

67
Q

A flexible Y-shaped molecule with four protein chains

A

Monomer

68
Q

2 identical light chains of an antibody

A

Kappa or Lambda chain

69
Q

the antibody chains are held together by what bonds

A
  • non-covalent forces
  • disulfide bonds
70
Q

first approximately 110 amino acids ate the amino-terminal end

A

Variable domain

71
Q

the H chain are unique to each class and give each immunoglobulin

A

constant region

72
Q

immunoglobulins

A
  • γ H chain: IgG (gamma)
  • α H chain: IgA (alpha)
  • ε H chain: IgE (epsilon)
  • δ H chain: IgD (delta)
  • μ H chain: IgM (mu)
73
Q

Refers to the heavy chain that determine the Ig class

A

Isotype

74
Q

Minor variations of these sequences that are present in some
individuals but not others

A

Allotype

75
Q

The aminoterminal ends of both L and H contain these
regions, which are essential to the formation of the antigenbinding site

A

idiotype

76
Q

variable portions of each chain are unique to a specific
antibody molecule.

A

idiotype

77
Q

Possess both constant and variable regions, it is the same for
all immunoglobulins

A

light chain

78
Q

ratio of K:L

A

2:1

79
Q

% of Kappa in the ig

A

65%

80
Q

% of Lambda in the Ig

A

35%

81
Q

Discovered through Bence Jones Proteins which are light
chains produced by a malignant plasma cell from the urine of
Multiple Myeloma patients

A

Light chains

82
Q

Found in between CH1 and CH2 and known as the flexible region

A

Hinge region

83
Q

what amino acid causes the flexibility of the hinge region

A

Proline

84
Q

Regions or section in an Ig molecule

A

Domain

85
Q

2 domains: VL (variable light) and CL (constant light)

A

1 light chain

86
Q

specific to each Ig
- 4 domains: 1 VH (variable heavy) and 3 CH (constant heavy)

A

1 Heavy chain

87
Q

domain of IgE

A

14

88
Q

domain of IgA

A

12

89
Q

who proposed the papain and pepsin digestion

A
  • Alfred Nisonoff used pepsin
  • Porter’s work was based on the use of the proteolytic enzyme papain
90
Q

ig taht is a pentamer

A

IgM

91
Q

ig that is a dimer

A

IgA

92
Q

● Cleaves the Ig above the hinge region
● 3 fragment: 2 Fab + 1 Fc

A

Papain digestion

93
Q

● Cleaves the Ig below the hinge region
● 2 Fragments: 1 Fab + 1 Fc

A

Pepsin digestion

94
Q

fragmentation of monomer that is derived from the enzyme of a papaya

A

Papain

95
Q

fragmentation of monomer that is derived from the enzyme of a Hog’s stomach

A

Pepsin

96
Q

■ Basic immunoglobulin structure
■ Examples: IgG, IgD, IgE, IgA1 (most)
■ It has 2 binding site (2 valence)

A

Monomer

97
Q

■ Secretory component or piece of IgA2
■ It prevents the enzymatic degeneration of enzyme
among secretions
■ It has a J chain (Joining chain) at the center
■ 4 valence = 4 binding sites

A

Dimer

98
Q

■ It has more than 2 monomer
■ Example: IgM (Malaki) it is a pentamer
■ 10 valence = 10 binding sites
■ also has a J chain (the center)

A

Polymer

99
Q
A

IMMUNOSERO (5 decks)

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