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Neuro-Optometric Rehab > After Test 1 > Flashcards

After Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

A patient with right yoked prisms will have an expansion of visual space where?

A

On the left

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2
Q

For what two conditions would you NOT recommend an add?

A

AE, CI (accommodation excess, convergence insufficiency)

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3
Q

In divergence excess, what lenses might you consider adding?

A

Minus for distance

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4
Q

What lenses would you prescribe in a case of divergence insufficiency?

A

the Most Plus Best Visual Acuity

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5
Q

As a general rule, how do you orient prism for patients with midline shifts?

A

Base opposite of the shift

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6
Q

Vision is made up of what?

A

Higher association areas

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7
Q

What prism orientation would you give to a patient with an anterior midline shift?

A

Base Down

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8
Q

Prism adaptation can modulate lateral shift of attention, and what else?

A

Prompt shifts from one level of processing to another

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9
Q

Over what percent of school age children have a vision problem that could affect the learning process?

A

25%

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10
Q

What are the possible diagnoses of someone with a normal AC/A ratio?

A

Vergence dysfunction Basic phoria (Eso or exo)

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11
Q

BI prisms do what to the muscle tone of the neck and upper back?

A

Reduce muscle tone

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12
Q

The “identification” circle from Skeffington is associated with which system?

A

Parvo - “what”

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13
Q

What is another name for monocular fixation in a binocular field?

A

Anti-suppression

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14
Q

What are the possible diagnoses of someone with a high AC/A ratio?

A

Convergence Excess

Divergence Excess (the excesses)

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15
Q

Which is the receptor organ?

A

Eye

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16
Q

What is Prentice position of a prism?

A

Prism is oriented so that light enters at an angle of 90 degrees to the first surface

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17
Q

BU prisms create an artificial what?

A

Decrease in the visual spatial volume

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18
Q

What are normal near BO ranges?

A

17/21/11

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19
Q

What is often the quickest, best option for AI?

A

Plus lenses

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20
Q

The dysfunctions of the visual system are the response to what?

A

Stress

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21
Q

Where does the deviation take place in a prism in Prentice position?

A

At the exit surface

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22
Q

In convergence excess, it is very important to fix which refractive error?

A

Hyperopia

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23
Q

In convergence excess, prescribing lenses to fix myopia may cause what?

A

The symptoms to worsen by increasing convergence, and increasing the eso

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24
Q

Prisms affect which 4 systems?

A

Visual

Kinesthetic

Vestibular

Proprioceptive

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25
Q

What is the sequence of visual therapy?

A

Monocular

Bi-ocular

Monocular fixation in a binocular field

Binocular

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26
Q

Which of the Skeffington circles comes first, centering or identification? Why?

A

Centering. It is the “where”. You have to know where something is before you can find out what it is

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27
Q

What are the prerequisites to fusion?

A

Normal correspondence

No peripheral suppression

No significant amblyopia

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28
Q

BO prisms displace the visual where?

A

Outward

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29
Q

What are the two main information pathways?

A

Parvocellular Magnocellular

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30
Q

What are the main methods for VT?

A

Lenses Prisms Motor therapy

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31
Q

Which system is the ambient system?

A

Magno

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32
Q

What prism orientation would you give a patient with a right midline shift?

A

Base left

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33
Q

What are normal distance BO ranges?

A

9/19/10

34
Q

If MEM shows ___ or near phoria is ___, what lenses should be given?

A

Plus

35
Q

BI prisms to what to the visual space?

A

Create an apparent increase of the visual space

36
Q

Why is it easier to read for pleasure than to study?

A

The parasympathetic system kicks in and actually creates an easier environment

37
Q

When would you not consider minus lenses?

A

Low AC/A Low CA/C Esophoria Low BI at near Low amplitude of accommodation Fails (-) on accommodative facility testing Is over 9

38
Q

BO prisms do what to the visual space?

A

Create an apparent decrease of apparent visual space

39
Q

When using red/green filters for antisuppression, when will the red be visible?

A

When looking at a light source or an overlay

40
Q

BD prisms create an artificial what?

A

Increase in visual spatial volume

41
Q

BO prisms do what to muscle tone of the neck and upper back?

A

Increase muscle tone

42
Q

What are the 8 conditions under which you would consider prescribing added plus?

A

High AC/A ratio Hyperopia Esophoria at near Low PRA Normal to high BO at near High MEM Low amplitude of accommodation Fails (-) on accommodative facility

43
Q

Roughly what percentage of the retinal fibers run in the parvo system?

A

80%

44
Q

How are plastic prisms calibrated?

A

To angle of minimum deviation

45
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system do in the eyes?

A

Relaxes accommodation Relaxes convergence (or stimulates divergence) Prepares the body for danger from a distance

46
Q

What 4 things can lenses affect?

A

Perception Posture Orientation Localization

47
Q

What are the four categories of response?

A

Catatoxic Syntoxic Run Frozen

48
Q

BI prism displaces the visual where?

A

Outward

49
Q

Where will the posture of a patient with a midline shift lean?

A

Toward the midline shift

50
Q

What are the higher cortical functions of visual information processing?

A

Perception Cognition Visual-motor integration Visual-auditory integration Visual-verbal integration Visual integration with other attentional systems

51
Q

How clear we can see is called ___.

A

Sight

52
Q

Which lenses enhance figure?

A

Minus

53
Q

What develops automaticity?

A

Repitition

54
Q

Which lenses enhance ground?

A

Plus

55
Q

What is the main function of the LGN?

A

To filter or suppress the information from the eye to the visual cortex

56
Q

In convergence insufficiency, it is possible that correcting hyperopia will do what?

A

Exacerbate the symptoms by increasing the exo at near (plus lenses diverge)

57
Q

When would you not consider added plus?

A

Low AC/A ratio Myopia Exo at near Low NRA Low BO at near Low MEM Normal amplitude of accommodation Fails (+) on accommodative facility

58
Q

What are the possible diagnoses of someone with a low AC/A ratio?

A

Convergence Insufficiency Divergence Insufficiency (The vergence insufficiencies)

59
Q

BD prism shift spatial volume where?

A

Up and out from the center of gravity

60
Q

What are Skeffington’s four circles?

A

Antigravity Centering Identification Speech and language

61
Q

What are the apparent volume changes in a prism?

A

Expansion toward apex Contraction toward base

62
Q

When would you consider adding minus?

A

High AC/A High CA/C Exo Normal to high BI at near Normal amplitude of accommodation Fails (+) on accommodative facility Is younger than 6

63
Q

Which system is the focal system?

A

Parvo

64
Q

What does the parasympathetic system to in the eyes?

A

Miosis Accommodation Convergence

65
Q

How are glass prisms calibrated?

A

By Prentice’s rule

66
Q

Which route does the magno pathway follow?

A

Dorsal

67
Q

BU prisms shift spatial volume where?

A

Down and in from the center of gravity

68
Q

Which is a faster system, parvo or magno?

A

Magno

69
Q

Which of the VT plans has 4 phases rather than 3?

A

Divergence excess

70
Q

Which is a faster system and why; vergence or accommodation?

A

Vergence - it is striated muscle, which is faster than the smooth muscle that controls accommodation

71
Q

What do BO prisms enhance?

A

Figure (force convergence)

72
Q

The parvo system follows which route?

A

Ventral

73
Q

For what two conditions would you give an add?

A

AI, CE (accommodation insufficiency, convergence excess)

74
Q

When using red/green filters for antisuppression, when will the red not be visible?

A

When using red printed material

75
Q

Which of the responses if the flight response?

A

Syntoxic

76
Q

What are normal near BI ranges?

A

13/21/13

77
Q

What do BI prisms enhance?

A

Ground (they force you to diverge, taking focus off of what if directly in front of you)

78
Q

In convergence insufficiency, which refractive error should you be most inclined to correct?

A

Myopia - minus lenses might help stimulate convergence

79
Q

Which of the responses is the fight response?

A

Catatoxic

80
Q

What parts of they eye feed into the parvo system?

A

Mainly the central retina and foveal receptors

81
Q

What does the parvo system respond to?

A

Details

82
Q

What are normal distance BI ranges?

A

x/7/4

Neuro-Optometric Rehab (12 decks)

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