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History 12 > After Muhammad > Flashcards

After Muhammad Flashcards

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1
Q

Who was Abu Bakr?

A

The first of the four rightly guided caliphs. One of the first converts to Islam. Muhammad had married Bakr’s daughter.

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2
Q

What was Abu Bakr’s main goal? And how did he accomplish them?

A

Unite the tribes under Medina’s control. The Ridda Wars, or wars of apostasy.

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3
Q

Why did Muslims invade the Byzantine and Sasanian Empires? (Supposedly according to Egger)

A

1.) Geopolitcial motivation-
2.) jihad
3.) the army was made up of nomads, so they got to decide where to go

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4
Q

Who was Umar

A

The second rightly guided caliph

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5
Q

What does Umar do?

A

Expand the empire to Egypt and Syria and Iraq.

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6
Q

Garrison cities under Umar

A

Fustat , Kufa, and Basra

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7
Q

What did Uthman do wrong?

A

He gave preference to his family and the Umayyads, not other Muslims.

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8
Q

What did Uthman do?

A

Standardize the Quran, keep garrison cities. He gave his family cities and land.

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9
Q

Uthman

A

Third rightly guided caliph

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10
Q

Ali ibn Talib

A

Muhammad’s cousin.

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11
Q

Why were people mad at Ali?

A

He did not punish the murderers of Uthman

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12
Q

Mu’awiya

A

succeeds Ali as caliph; he is an Umayyad

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13
Q

Where was Mu’awiya’s (Umayyad’s) capital?

A

Damascus

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14
Q

How did the Umayyads treat non-Arabs.

A

After their conquests, they let people practice other religions, but they had to pay taxes. They treated non-Arab muslims as less-than.

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15
Q

what does shi’a initially mean?

A

faction or partisan

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16
Q

Battle of Karbala

A

Husayn (Muhammad’s grandson and Ali’s son) is brutally killed by Yazid ( Mu”awiya’s son)

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17
Q

Why is the Battle of Karbala important

A

Split between Sunni and Shi’i. Important winnfor Umayyads

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18
Q

Who were the Abbasids?

A

From ‘Abbas, an uncle of the prophet

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19
Q

How did the Abbasids revolt?

A

they gained support by saying that the leadership of the Umma would be in the hands of the family of the prophet. They took Kufa, and they were able to murder everyone in the Umayyad dynasty (except one)

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20
Q

Where was the Abbasid capital?

A

Baghdad

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21
Q

Imam

A

the man whom Shi’ites view as their legitimate leader

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22
Q

Shahada

A

Proclamation of faith;”there is no god but God, and Muhammad is His Prophet.”

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23
Q

What does islam mean?

A

submission

24
Q

idhan

A

call to prayer

25
Q

muezzin

A

the one who issues the call to prayer from a tower

26
Q

qibla

A

the direction of the Ka’ba in Mecca

27
Q

Mihrab

A

a niche in the wall which shows the qibla

28
Q

khutba

A

sermon

29
Q

zahat

A

almsgiving

30
Q

sawm

A

fasting

31
Q

hajj

A

pilgrimage

32
Q

When was the Battle of karbala

A

680 CE

33
Q

Differences between the Umayyads and the Abbasids

A

The Umayyads were an “Arab empire” that rapidly expanded power. While the Abbasids were a cosmopolitan state that incorporated a variety of ethnic groups not only into the community of believers, but into the ruling elite

34
Q

Quraysh

A

A grouping of Arab clans that inhabited and controlled the Mecca and Kaaba

35
Q

dar al-islam

A

the areas under the control of Mulsims; House of Islam

36
Q

dar al-harb

A

House of War

37
Q

When was an organized Muslim judiciary established?

A

Under Mu ‘awiya (660s)

38
Q

qadi

A

A judge, ruled within the principles of the Qur’an, but often had to utilize local legal traditions to make a ruling

39
Q

Ulama

A

Muslim scholars recognized as having specialist knowledge of Islamic sacred law and theology

40
Q

Sunna

A

way, custom, practice

41
Q

hadith

A

prophet;s declarations and his behavior

42
Q

Why is Shari’a important?

A

There were many schools of religious law, and these declined as Shari’a was formed

43
Q

Shari’a

A

the rules developed for living the upright life; developed from the Quran and the Hadith

44
Q

Hanafi School

A
45
Q

Maliki School

A
46
Q

Shafi’i School

A
47
Q

Hanbali madhhab

A

the most conservative and traditional. They made strict rules, that could change given different circumstances

48
Q

Umma

A

the whole community

49
Q

Describe Baghdad

A

A circular city at the meeting point of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers

50
Q

How was the caliph treated in the Abbasid time?

A

caliphs were removed from their subjects, they were not seen

51
Q

wazir

A

caliph’s prime minister or chief executive officer

52
Q

Describe the Abbasid army and how it was beneficial to the caliph

A

made up of mostly outsiders so they did not have attachments to the places they were attacking and they had skills from the places they were from. The caliph also didn’t have to negotiate with chieftains or notables for use of their subjects.

53
Q

mamluks

A

Turkic military slaves that could work their way up and have privledges

54
Q

Two problems from the Abbasid military

A

1.) the military was evolving into a defacto caste
2.) the economy was growing weaker and could not pay for the military

55
Q

Why did al- Mu’tasim move the capital to Samarra?

A

He wanted the Turks away from the civilians

56
Q

How did the Abbasid Golden Age fall apart?

A

Slaves (Turks and others) started revolting. Lots of rebellions.

57
Q

Who were the Buyids?

A

They take over the Abbasids; Shia

History 12 (9 decks)

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