Africa Flashcards
Europeans before the early 19th c (3)
A) Portuguese colonies
Congo, Zanzibar, Mombasa
Some lost to Omani Arabs
B) Cape colony
1652: Dutch
1795-1802/06: British
C) West Africa
Gold, Slave trade, ivory
Why Africa colonized so late? (2)
A) No navigable rivers
Rapids, waterfalls
Vs Carribbean islands, Mississippi
B) White man’s grave: malaria
Invention of quinine
Algeria: the conquest (2)
A) Precolonial
Since 1517: part of the Ottoman empire
Quite autonomous
B) The French occupation of Algeria
1827: the fan affair
1830: conquest (to boost Charles X’s prestige)
Permanent occupation under Louis-Philippe (competition with Britain)
Algeria: the rule (2)
A) Popular resistance
Abd al-Qadir (ruled 2/3 of the territory in 1830s & 40s)
After 1852: French military rule
B) Part of France
Three departments: Algiers, Oran, Constantine
Settlers: pieds-noirs (1/10)
Tunisia (3)
A) 1574 Ottoman
Since 1705: great autonomy
B) 1878: awarded to France
After Russo-Turkish war
French hesitancy
C) 1881: French protectorate
After German & British pressure
Egypt (2)
A) Growing political independence from Ottomans
Muhammad Ali fills vacuum after French campaign
Successors: Pasha Said, Ismail
B) Growing economic dependence on Europe
Economic integration & modernization (cotton)
Suez canal (built by French)
Public infrastructure financed with loans
The veiled protectorate (4)
A) Growing debts
1875: Egypt sold its share in the Suez canal to Britain
1876: Bankruptcy
B) 1876: Caisse de la Dette Publique
French-British condominium
C) 1881: Islamic insurrection of Ahmed Arabi
Britain crushes the rebellion
D) 1882: veiled protectorate of Britain
Sudan (2)
A) Conquered by Egypt
Muhammad Ali: Northern & central Sudan
Ismail: Darfur & South Sudan
British: almost reached lake victoria
B) The Mahdi empire
1881: Muhammad Ahmad proclaimed himself Mahdi
1883: conquest of territory in Sudan
1884: Gordon heads for the defence of Khartoum
1885: fall of Khartoum & death of Gordon
David Livingstone (3)
A) 1841: as a missionary in South Africa
B) 1853-64: travels along the Zambezi
C) 1865ff: search for the source of the Nile
Henry Morton Stanley (3)
A) In search of Livingstone
B) Trans-Africa exploration
C) 1879ff: return to the Congo in service of Leopold II
Leopold II (2)
A) Belgium: disinterest in colonies
More industry than trade
No navy
Neutrality
B) Leopold II: obsession with colonies
Attempts in the Philippines, Borneo
As a private person & with his own capital
Initially: science & philanthropy
Savorgnan de Brazza (4)
A) 1875-78: exploration of Ogoué & Alima
B) 1879: Upper Congo
1880: treaties with local rulers for France
C) 1882: Paris ratifies treaties
Gabon & Congo-Brazzaville
D) Leopold II: similar tactics on a larger scale
Association internationale du Congo
Stanley: tribal chiefs transfer power to AIC
Leopold & the European powers (3)
A) Britain (>< France)
Recognizes Portuguese sovereignty of Congo estuary
B) Leopold II
Launches concept of Free State to please the British
Gives Paris droit de preference
C) Germany (>< British)
Invites European diplomats to Berlin
Conference of Berlin (4)
A) 1884/85
B) official agreements
Free trade on the Congo river
General principles of territorial appropriation
C) Recognition of Congo Free State
D) Myth: Division of Africa
White settlement in SA (4)
A) 1652ff: Agents of the VOC
Way-station at the Cape
Agriculture, employment of slaves
B) The rise of the Cape colony
Cities: Cape Town, Stellenbosch
Farmers move north & east
Kafir (frontier) wars
C) Only settler colony in Africa exc. Algeria
National identity: Afrikaans, Boers
D) 1795-1802: British takeover
Disintegration of SA (3)
A) 1835-37: Groot trek
Zulu war
1838: defeat of the Zulu
B) Creation of Boer republics
Natal: 1843 annexed by British
Landlocked ones accepted
C) Cape colony
1872 responsible government
New Kafir wars
The first Boer war (2)
A) 1877: annexation of Transvaal
B) 1880-81: First Boer war
Boer’s victory under Paul Kruger
London recognizes independence of Transvaal
Germans in South Africa (3)
A) Southwest Africa
Adolf Franz Lüderitz (business)
Purchases Lüderitz bay from Khoi
B) Berlin
Promises support to Lüderitz with British permission
1884: Reichsschutz & protectorate
C) Southeast Africa
German exploration in 1884
But Britain annexes Santa Lucia Bay
Discovery of gems (2)
A) 1867: Diamonds near Vaal river (Kimberley)
Disputed area, annexed by British
B) 1884: Gold near Witwatersrand
Transvaal’s transformation
From agriculture to industry
From white to multiethnic
The Cape colony’s reaction (2)
A) Challenges
Transvaal (powerful, transforming)
German ambitions (Danger of German-Boer alliance)
B) Response: expansion to the north (1884-84)
South Bechuanaland
North Bechuanaland
Cecil Rhodes (3)
A) Businessman
1871 to SA, master in merging
B) Politician
1884ff deputy-commissioner Bechuanaland
1890-95 prime minister of the Cape colony
C) Conquistador: British South Africa company
1888: treaty with Lobengula
1890: with pioneers through Zambesia (Rhodesia)
The annexation of Rhodesia
Consequences:
Transvaal: cut from sea & German SWA
Portugal: no costa to costa
Britain: project from Cape to Cairo
The second Boer war (3)
A) Unequal battle?
Britain: initially 35k then 500k troops
Boers: 100k men
B) First successes for Boers
Battle of Spion Kop
European sympathy with Boers
C) But: determination to win in Britain
Siege of Mafeking
The British victory against boers (3)
A) 1900: British annex Boer republics
B) 1901-02: Boer’s guerilla war & British atrocities
Living hostages, barbed wire, executions
Concentration camps
Civil protest in Britain
C) 1902: Peace of Pretoria
SA in the 20th C (4)
A) Responsible government
Integration of Boer republics
B) Dominion
1910: Union of SA
C) Independence 1931
D) 1948-90: Apartheid
Geography & history of EA (3)
A) Inland: plateau around great lakes
B) Coast: part of the Indian ocean (Arab trade)
17th c retaken by Omani Arabs from Portuguese
C) Zanzibar: emporium of Afro-Asiatic trade
1840: seat of Omani imam
Europeans in EA (2)
A) Interests
Historical: esp Portugal
Economic: esp Britain & Germany
Strategic: esp Britain
B) Expeditions
Carl Peters 1884
Search of Emin Pasha
Treaties of EA (2)
A) Following Berlin conference
1885: Sultan of Zanzibar forced to recognize
1886: division into British & German & Portuguese EA
B) Following tension about Equatoria & Uganda
1890: Zanzibar Helgoland treaty
-> Uganda to Britain; border with Congo to Germany
-> Zanzibar to Britain; Helgoland to Germany
Pacification of EA (3)
A) Germans
1888-1902: 84 huge military operations
1905-06: Maji Maji war
B) Britain
1894-1914: 50 battles in Kenya, followed by penal expeditions
C) French
Two Franco-Hova wars
Importance of the upper Nile (4)
A) Britain: protection of Egypt
Control of: irrigation, flood, reclamation
Cape to Cairo
B) France: emotional ties
Hangovers after defeat of Napoleon 1882
Sudan as the second Sédan
Dakar to Djibouti
C) Germany & Italy: regional ambitions
D) Leopold II: connection of Congo & Nile
The Horn of Africa (2)
A) Division of Somaliland
Britain: British Somaliland
France: Djibouti
Italy: Eritrea & Italian Somalia
B) Ethiopia: much stronger
United by Coptic church
Rich history
Ethiopian empire: 1137-1974
Menelik II (3)
A) Stops Italian ambitions
Refuses Italian protectorate
1896 defeats Italy near Adwa
B) Strikes up friendship with France
C) Jolts Britain awake
Fears French-Ethiopian alliance
1896: Britain invades Sudan
French reaction to British invasion of Sudan (3)
A) Jean-Baptiste Marchand’s raid to Faschoda
B) Plan
Congo to Nile
C) Expedition
A lot of textile, beads, wine as presents to local chiefs
2 years
Defeats mahdists & establishes French protectorate
British victory in Sudan (2)
A) Reconquest of Sudan
With an army
B) Consequences
Marchand returns home
Sudan becomes an English-Egyptian condominium
Menelik unifies Ethiopia
End to French-British rivalry
1904: Entente Conrdiale
Background WA (3)
A) Early European presence
Gold & slaves
B) New ambitions
Palm oil
Territorial expansion
C) Strong resistance
Historical tradition
Islam
Strong states
Multi-European presence (6)
A) Portugal
Guinea-Bissau
B) Spain
Equatorial guinea
C) Britain
Gambia
Sierra Leone
Ghana
Nigeria
D) France
Senegal
Ivory coast
Benin
Guinea
E) US
Liberia
F) Germany
Togo
Kamerun
Unifying French colonies (2)
A) Afrique occidentale française
1890 & 1898: treaties with Britain
B) New ambition: AOF with rest
Algeria: granted in 1890
Djibouti: failed at Faschoda
Afrique-Équatoriale française:
Gabon & Congo, then CAR, then Chad
European interests in Morocco (5)
A) Spain
Close, Ceuta
B) Britain
Gibraltar
C) France
Algeria
D) Germany
Prestige
E) Italy
Frustrated after Adwa
European penetration in Morocco (2)
A) Similar developments as Tunisia, Egypt
Growing economic dependence
Growing political interference
B) Different outcomes
Equal trade opportunities maintained for all
Territorial integrity preserved
First Moroccan crisis (3)
A) German concerns
Entente Cordiale
French attempts to establish protectorate
B) War?
1905: Kaiser visits Tangier
Military threat to challenge Entente
C) 1906: Algeciras conference
Britain supports France
Spanish & French officers in Morocco
Second Morocco crisis (2)
A) 1911: rebellion against sultan Abdelhafid
France intervenes
Spain conquers Larache
Germany intimidates, sends warship to Agadir
B) 1912:
Sultan abdicates
France establishes protectorate over Morocco
Germany receives Neukamerun
Spain receives territory in north and south
