Africa Flashcards by Samuel Albrecht

Europeans before the early 19th c (3)

A) Portuguese colonies
Congo, Zanzibar, Mombasa
Some lost to Omani Arabs

B) Cape colony
1652: Dutch
1795-1802/06: British

C) West Africa
Gold, Slave trade, ivory

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Why Africa colonized so late? (2)

A) No navigable rivers
Rapids, waterfalls
Vs Carribbean islands, Mississippi

B) White man’s grave: malaria
Invention of quinine

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Algeria: the conquest (2)

A) Precolonial
Since 1517: part of the Ottoman empire
Quite autonomous

B) The French occupation of Algeria
1827: the fan affair
1830: conquest (to boost Charles X’s prestige)
Permanent occupation under Louis-Philippe (competition with Britain)

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Algeria: the rule (2)

A) Popular resistance
Abd al-Qadir (ruled 2/3 of the territory in 1830s & 40s)
After 1852: French military rule

B) Part of France
Three departments: Algiers, Oran, Constantine
Settlers: pieds-noirs (1/10)

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Tunisia (3)

A) 1574 Ottoman
Since 1705: great autonomy

B) 1878: awarded to France
After Russo-Turkish war
French hesitancy

C) 1881: French protectorate
After German & British pressure

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Egypt (2)

A) Growing political independence from Ottomans
Muhammad Ali fills vacuum after French campaign
Successors: Pasha Said, Ismail

B) Growing economic dependence on Europe
Economic integration & modernization (cotton)
Suez canal (built by French)
Public infrastructure financed with loans

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The veiled protectorate (4)

A) Growing debts
1875: Egypt sold its share in the Suez canal to Britain
1876: Bankruptcy

B) 1876: Caisse de la Dette Publique
French-British condominium

C) 1881: Islamic insurrection of Ahmed Arabi
Britain crushes the rebellion

D) 1882: veiled protectorate of Britain

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Sudan (2)

A) Conquered by Egypt
Muhammad Ali: Northern & central Sudan
Ismail: Darfur & South Sudan
British: almost reached lake victoria

B) The Mahdi empire
1881: Muhammad Ahmad proclaimed himself Mahdi
1883: conquest of territory in Sudan
1884: Gordon heads for the defence of Khartoum
1885: fall of Khartoum & death of Gordon

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David Livingstone (3)

A) 1841: as a missionary in South Africa

B) 1853-64: travels along the Zambezi

C) 1865ff: search for the source of the Nile

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Henry Morton Stanley (3)

A) In search of Livingstone

B) Trans-Africa exploration

C) 1879ff: return to the Congo in service of Leopold II

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Leopold II (2)

A) Belgium: disinterest in colonies
More industry than trade
No navy
Neutrality

B) Leopold II: obsession with colonies
Attempts in the Philippines, Borneo
As a private person & with his own capital
Initially: science & philanthropy

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Savorgnan de Brazza (4)

A) 1875-78: exploration of Ogoué & Alima

B) 1879: Upper Congo
1880: treaties with local rulers for France

C) 1882: Paris ratifies treaties
Gabon & Congo-Brazzaville

D) Leopold II: similar tactics on a larger scale
Association internationale du Congo
Stanley: tribal chiefs transfer power to AIC

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Leopold & the European powers (3)

A) Britain (>< France)
Recognizes Portuguese sovereignty of Congo estuary

B) Leopold II
Launches concept of Free State to please the British
Gives Paris droit de preference

C) Germany (>< British)
Invites European diplomats to Berlin

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Conference of Berlin (4)

A) 1884/85

B) official agreements
Free trade on the Congo river
General principles of territorial appropriation

C) Recognition of Congo Free State

D) Myth: Division of Africa

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White settlement in SA (4)

A) 1652ff: Agents of the VOC
Way-station at the Cape
Agriculture, employment of slaves

B) The rise of the Cape colony
Cities: Cape Town, Stellenbosch
Farmers move north & east
Kafir (frontier) wars

C) Only settler colony in Africa exc. Algeria
National identity: Afrikaans, Boers

D) 1795-1802: British takeover

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Disintegration of SA (3)

A) 1835-37: Groot trek
Zulu war
1838: defeat of the Zulu

B) Creation of Boer republics
Natal: 1843 annexed by British
Landlocked ones accepted

C) Cape colony
1872 responsible government
New Kafir wars

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The first Boer war (2)

A) 1877: annexation of Transvaal

B) 1880-81: First Boer war
Boer’s victory under Paul Kruger
London recognizes independence of Transvaal

Germans in South Africa (3)

A) Southwest Africa
Adolf Franz Lüderitz (business)
Purchases Lüderitz bay from Khoi

B) Berlin
Promises support to Lüderitz with British permission
1884: Reichsschutz & protectorate

C) Southeast Africa
German exploration in 1884
But Britain annexes Santa Lucia Bay

Discovery of gems (2)

A) 1867: Diamonds near Vaal river (Kimberley)
Disputed area, annexed by British

B) 1884: Gold near Witwatersrand
Transvaal’s transformation
From agriculture to industry
From white to multiethnic

The Cape colony’s reaction (2)

A) Challenges
Transvaal (powerful, transforming)
German ambitions (Danger of German-Boer alliance)

B) Response: expansion to the north (1884-84)
South Bechuanaland
North Bechuanaland

Cecil Rhodes (3)

A) Businessman
1871 to SA, master in merging

B) Politician
1884ff deputy-commissioner Bechuanaland
1890-95 prime minister of the Cape colony

C) Conquistador: British South Africa company
1888: treaty with Lobengula
1890: with pioneers through Zambesia (Rhodesia)

The annexation of Rhodesia

Consequences:
Transvaal: cut from sea & German SWA
Portugal: no costa to costa
Britain: project from Cape to Cairo

The second Boer war (3)

A) Unequal battle?
Britain: initially 35k then 500k troops
Boers: 100k men

B) First successes for Boers
Battle of Spion Kop
European sympathy with Boers

C) But: determination to win in Britain
Siege of Mafeking

The British victory against boers (3)

A) 1900: British annex Boer republics

B) 1901-02: Boer’s guerilla war & British atrocities
Living hostages, barbed wire, executions
Concentration camps
Civil protest in Britain

C) 1902: Peace of Pretoria

SA in the 20th C (4)

A) Responsible government Integration of Boer republics B) Dominion 1910: Union of SA C) Independence 1931 D) 1948-90: Apartheid

Geography & history of EA (3)

A) Inland: plateau around great lakes B) Coast: part of the Indian ocean (Arab trade) 17th c retaken by Omani Arabs from Portuguese C) Zanzibar: emporium of Afro-Asiatic trade 1840: seat of Omani imam

Europeans in EA (2)

A) Interests Historical: esp Portugal Economic: esp Britain & Germany Strategic: esp Britain B) Expeditions Carl Peters 1884 Search of Emin Pasha

Treaties of EA (2)

A) Following Berlin conference 1885: Sultan of Zanzibar forced to recognize 1886: division into British & German & Portuguese EA B) Following tension about Equatoria & Uganda 1890: Zanzibar Helgoland treaty -> Uganda to Britain; border with Congo to Germany -> Zanzibar to Britain; Helgoland to Germany

Pacification of EA (3)

A) Germans 1888-1902: 84 huge military operations 1905-06: Maji Maji war B) Britain 1894-1914: 50 battles in Kenya, followed by penal expeditions C) French Two Franco-Hova wars

Importance of the upper Nile (4)

A) Britain: protection of Egypt Control of: irrigation, flood, reclamation Cape to Cairo B) France: emotional ties Hangovers after defeat of Napoleon 1882 Sudan as the second Sédan Dakar to Djibouti C) Germany & Italy: regional ambitions D) Leopold II: connection of Congo & Nile

The Horn of Africa (2)

A) Division of Somaliland Britain: British Somaliland France: Djibouti Italy: Eritrea & Italian Somalia B) Ethiopia: much stronger United by Coptic church Rich history Ethiopian empire: 1137-1974

Menelik II (3)

A) Stops Italian ambitions Refuses Italian protectorate 1896 defeats Italy near Adwa B) Strikes up friendship with France C) Jolts Britain awake Fears French-Ethiopian alliance 1896: Britain invades Sudan

French reaction to British invasion of Sudan (3)

A) Jean-Baptiste Marchand's raid to Faschoda B) Plan Congo to Nile C) Expedition A lot of textile, beads, wine as presents to local chiefs 2 years Defeats mahdists & establishes French protectorate

British victory in Sudan (2)

A) Reconquest of Sudan With an army B) Consequences Marchand returns home Sudan becomes an English-Egyptian condominium Menelik unifies Ethiopia End to French-British rivalry 1904: Entente Conrdiale

Background WA (3)

A) Early European presence Gold & slaves B) New ambitions Palm oil Territorial expansion C) Strong resistance Historical tradition Islam Strong states

Multi-European presence (6)

A) Portugal Guinea-Bissau B) Spain Equatorial guinea C) Britain Gambia Sierra Leone Ghana Nigeria D) France Senegal Ivory coast Benin Guinea E) US Liberia F) Germany Togo Kamerun

Unifying French colonies (2)

A) Afrique occidentale française 1890 & 1898: treaties with Britain B) New ambition: AOF with rest Algeria: granted in 1890 Djibouti: failed at Faschoda Afrique-Équatoriale française: Gabon & Congo, then CAR, then Chad

European interests in Morocco (5)

A) Spain Close, Ceuta B) Britain Gibraltar C) France Algeria D) Germany Prestige E) Italy Frustrated after Adwa

European penetration in Morocco (2)

A) Similar developments as Tunisia, Egypt Growing economic dependence Growing political interference B) Different outcomes Equal trade opportunities maintained for all Territorial integrity preserved

First Moroccan crisis (3)

A) German concerns Entente Cordiale French attempts to establish protectorate B) War? 1905: Kaiser visits Tangier Military threat to challenge Entente C) 1906: Algeciras conference Britain supports France Spanish & French officers in Morocco

Second Morocco crisis (2)

A) 1911: rebellion against sultan Abdelhafid France intervenes Spain conquers Larache Germany intimidates, sends warship to Agadir B) 1912: Sultan abdicates France establishes protectorate over Morocco Germany receives Neukamerun Spain receives territory in north and south