20th Century Flashcards by Samuel Albrecht

WW1 and the colonies (3)

A) Contribution from colonies
Resources
Troops

B) Battles in colonies
Conquest of German colonies

C) Laying the base for new colonies
Ottoman empire

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Conquest of German colonies (4)

A) 1914: Asia & Oceania
Britain & Japan

B) 1914: Togo

C) 1915: Kamerun & Deutsch-Südwestafrika
Force publique

D) 1914-18: Deutsch-Ostafrika
Force publique, 1916

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Ottoman empire (2)

A) Ottoman alliances
1760s-1910s wars with Russia
1914: joins triple entente

B) Triple Entente’s interest
O = weakest link
Oil in the Arabian peninsula

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Fighting the Ottoman empire (3)

A) 1915: Defeat at Gallipoli for Entente

B) The mesopotamian campaign
1914: Basra
1915-16: Kut
Mainly Indian troops

C) 1916-18: Arab revolt
Te Lawrence aids Sharif of Mecca
Conquest of Jerusalem & Damascus

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Conflicting promises (3)

A) 1915: McMahon-Hussein correspondence
Independence of Arab states promised

B) 1916: Sykes-Picot agreement
Division of Western Asia into trade zones & spheres of influence

C) 1917: Balfour declaration
Promises national home for Jews to Zionist leaders
With respect for non-Jews

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League of nations mandates (2)

A) 1918: Wilson’s 14 points
P 5: equal treatment of colonizer & colonized
P 14: formation of an association of nations

B) 1919: Mandate system
Ruling the colonies of Germans & Ottomans
Responsible government on behalf of league of nations

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Division of the ottoman empire (2)

A) Mandates
British: Iraq, Transjordan, Palestine
French: Syria, Lebanon

B) Others
Kuwait: British protectorate
Kingdom of Hijaz: to Saudi Arabia
Armenia: decimated
Kurdistan: divided

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Division of German colonies (4)

A) France
Largest parts of Togo & Kamerun

B) GB
Parts of Togo & Kamerun
German East Africa

C) Belgium
Ruanda & Urundi

D) Colonies
South Africa: Southwest Africa
Japan, Australia & New Zealand: Pacific islands

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Interwar period = climax? (3)

A) Contribution of colonies

B) New colonies

C) Development of colonies
Immigration
Missionaries
Infrastructure
Economic specialization

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Cracks in colonialism (3)

A) Economic decline
Priority: Europe’s recovery
Great Depression 1929

B) Loss of image
Cruelty of war in Europe
Cultural pessimism, self-criticism
Fascism & nazism

C) Competition with US, CCCR & Japan

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Shrinking gaps (2)

A) Better knowledge for colonized
Education
Contact with Europe
Better spread of ideas via infrastructure

B) Consequences
Technological arrears shrink
Growing consciousness of abuse

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Answers of the colonized (4)

A) Infiltration & collaboration
Missionaries, officials

B) Group formation
Sub-national: religion, ethnicity, …
Supra-national: négritude, panarabism, class

C) Political parties
Communist party of Vietnam
Partai Nasional Indonesia

D) Violence
Strikes, insurrections

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Cracks in British empire (4)

A) Loss of position in Turkey, Persia, China

B) Loss of white settler colonies
1922 Ireland
Commonwealth

C) Frustration in the Arab world
Independence of Egypt 1921
Independence of Iraq 1932
Palestine & Jewish immigration

D) Problems in India

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Egyptian revolution (3)

A) Saad Zaghoul
Demands independence at Versailles
Exiled by British

B) 1919: Revolution
1921: independence
Britain keeps Sudan & Suez

C) Postwar
1952 Revolution by Nasser
1956: independence of Sudan & Suez crisis

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Jews in Palestine (3)

A) Immigration
400k between 1920 & 1945

B) Development
Cities (Tel Aviv) & agriculture (kibbutz)
Jewish school system

C) Separate institutions
Assembly of representatives -> knesset
Jewish national council
Security service -> mossad

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Palestine under the British mandate (2)

A) Protest
1920 Palestine riots
1936-39 Arab revolt

B) Solutions
1939: White paper
1948: British disengagement & creation of Israel

India before Gandhi (3)

A) Representation
Indian National congress
Muslim league

B) Action
E.g. violence

C) Contribution & disenchantment after WW1
Promise of responsible government
Dyer & massacre of Amritsar
New measures: too little too late

Gandhi (3)

A) before 1915
India - UK - India - 1893-1915 SA

B) Strategies
1915: INC -> mass party
1920 & 1930: non-violent boycott (satyagraha)
1924ff: constructive program (ashram)
1930s roundtable in London
1942: quit India movement

C) Legacy
Non-violence

Japan WW2 (5)

A) 1931-41: China
1937: Rape of Nanking

B) 1941: Pearl Harbor

C) 1942: conquers colonies in SEA
Idea of Pan-Asian liberation
Deliberate subjugation of Europeans

D) 1944 defeated by BI

E) 1945 defeated by US

Italy WW2 (3)

A) 1935-36: conquers Abyssinia

B) Decolonisation immediately after WW2
Ethiopia independence & Eritrea
Italian Somaliland -> British Somaliland
Libya independence 1952

C) Bloody conflicts after decolonization

Causes of decolonization (3)

A) Development
Technical catch up
Education
Confrontation with discrimination

B) War
Economic weakening of WE
Anti-imperialist powers: US & SU
Antifascism & Antiracism
Atlantic charter

C) Domino effect from Asia to Africa

Geography of decolonization (4)

A) Interwar & WW 2: Middle East

B) after WW 2: South & Southeast Asia
1947 India
1945-49: Indonesia
1946-54: French Indochina war

C) 1954ff: Northern Africa

D) 1960ff: Sub-saharan Africa

India after WW 2 (2)

A) Growing Muslim-Hindu violence

B) Partition: India & Pakistan
Borders published on the day of independence
Ethnic cleansing in Punjab & Bengal
Maharaja of Kashmir does not want to take side -> Pakistan invasion -> India

Other British colonies in South Asia (3)

A) 1948 Sri Lanka

B) 1948 Burma

C) Malaya remains British
1948-60: Anti-british national liberation war
1957: independence

Decolonization of Dutch Indies (3)

A) 1945: Sukarno assterts independence B) 1947&49 Dutch military action 95k soldiers to East Indies 5k Dutch casualties 150k Indonesian casualties C) 1949: Dutch recognize independence

Dragging problems in Indonesia (3)

A) Dutch New Guinea Dutch remain to protect melanesian population 1963: Indonesia takes over B) South Moluccans Fought for Dutch After independence to the Netherlands 1975-78: train & school hostages C) East Timor

French retreat from Indochina (5)

A) 1945: Vietminh declare independence B) 1946: French troops to Indochina C) Worsening situation Laos independence 1949 Cambodia 1953 French troops withdraw in 1954 D) 1954: Geneva conference Division into north & south Vietnam E) 1965-73: American protection of South Vietnam 1975: South Vietnam surrenders 1976: United

Algerian war (2)

A) Algerian resistance 1945: Setif rising & French suppression Insurrection of 1954 B) War 1954-62 Pieds-noirs stand fierce Cruelty & violence 300k Algerians & 21k french killed

Suez crisis 1956 (2)

A) Facts Nasser nationalizes Suez canal Britain, France & Israel attack Furious US reaction Ceasefire B) Significance Anachronistic colonial arrogance

French disengagement (4)

A) 1956: Morocco & Tunesia independence B) Fifth republic -> De Gaulle C) Violent reactions against decolonization Paris massacre 1961 D) Decolonization 1960: Sub-saharan colonies 1962: Algeria

Sub-saharan Africa (4)

A) Britain: first 1957 Ghana, 1960 Nigeria, 1961 Tanganyika B) France: peaceful C) Belgium: quick D) Portugal: last Wars 1974 Carnation revolution & decolonization

Kwame Nkrumah (4)

A) 1949: leader of Ghana independence movement B) 1957-66 first president of Ghana C) Advocate for Pan-Africanism D) Non-alignment movement

Julius Nyerere (4)

A) 1954: cofounder of Tanganyika African National Union B) 1962-85 president C) 1967: African socialism D) Economic decline & systematic corruption

British mess (4)

A) More democratic but more divided colonies B) Palestine, Kashmir C) Secessions Nigeria: Biafra war Sudan: South Sudan Darfur D) White vs black Kenya: Mau Mau uprising SA: Apartheid Namibia: occupied by SA

Mau Mau uprising (3)

A) Anti-colonial rebellion Whites owned the land B) Rebellion & guerilla war First European shot in 1952 Rebel leader arrested in 1956 C) Dirty war & fierce repression Detention Capital punishment: 1k hanged 20k Mau Mau militants killed

Politics: the cold war (3)

A) Appeal of communism SU Mao Communism in the 3rd world B) Non alignment movement C) US interventionism Support of dictatorships

Economy: neocolonialism? (3)

A) New economies State directed Nationalization & loans B) Dependency theory Economy based on export of raw materials C) Neoliberalism 1970s growing debts to imf 1980s growing interference 1989: Washington consensus: standard reform package 1995: World trade organization

Society: development aid (5)

A) Colonial era Missionaries B) 1960s mushrooming of NGOs C) 1970s tiersmondism D) 1980s humanitarian aid: professional E) Umbrella organizations

People: migration (4)

A) France & Britain Many immigrants from colonies B) Netherlands 1m immigrants C) Portugal 150k D) Belgium 20k