Affective disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three core symptoms of depression?

A
  • Anhedonia
  • Low mood
  • Fatiguability
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2
Q

The content of delusions and hallucinations in depression tend to be consistent with the patient’s mood, i.e. they are mood _________

A

Congruent (as opposed to mood incongruent)

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3
Q

Dysthymia

A

Chronically depressed mood that is not severe enough to satisfy the formal criteria for a depressive episode.

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4
Q

Cyclothymia

A

Mild elation and depression (seen as a subthreshold form of bipolar)

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5
Q

To diagnose a depressive episode, what’s the minimum time symptoms must be present for?

A

2 weeks

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6
Q

Name 7 physical causes of depression

A

1) Hypothyroidism
2) Cushing’s syndrome
3 + 4) Parathyroid disease (hypo and hyper)
5) Stroke
6) Multiple sclerosis
7) Low folate and vit b12

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7
Q

What prescription drugs are known to cause low mood?

A
  • Beta blockers
  • Anti-hypertensives: Methyldopa
  • Corticosteroids
  • COCP
  • Phenytoin
  • Benzos
  • Indometacin.
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8
Q

What is the male:female ratio for:

1) BPAD
2) Depression

A

1) 1:1

2) 1:2

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9
Q

Both negative and positive life events can trigger mania. Name 3 other environmental triggers of mania

A

1) The puerperium
2) Sleep deprivation
3) Flying across time zones

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10
Q

Name two rating scales for depression

A
  • Beck depression inventory (BDI)

- Hospital and Anxiety depression scale (HADS)

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11
Q

How long do you have to wait for antidepressants to become effective?

A

4-6 weeks

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12
Q

How long should symptoms be present to diagnose a manic episode?

A

Symptoms should be present at least one week and should prevent work and ordinary social activities

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13
Q

What is Lithium’s therapeutic range?

A

0.6 - 1.0 mmol/L

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14
Q

What the three main mood stabilizers used in the treatment of mania?

A
  • Lithium
  • Sodium valproate
  • Carbamazepine
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15
Q

Lithium toxicity occurs in levels greater than _____?

A

1.2mmol/L

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16
Q

How does lithium toxicity present?

A

GI disturbance, sluggishness, giddiness, ataxia, gross tremor, fits and renal failure

17
Q

What drugs may interfere with lithium excretion?

A

NSAIDs, diuretics & ACEi

18
Q

Mood stabilizers are teratogenic.
-Lithium can cause _________

-Valproate and carbamazepine risk __________

A
  • Lithium can cause Ebstein’s anomaly (atrialization of the right side of the heart)
  • Valproate and carbamazepine risk spina bifida
19
Q

Another drug, which is effective against Bipolar II disorder? (i.e. mainly depressive episodes with less prominent hypomanic episodes)

A

Lamotrigine

20
Q

Lithium can cause toxicity. Which other mood stabilizer can?

A

Carbamazepine

21
Q

The following are side effects of which anticonvulsants?

a) Liver failure , thrombocytopenia, hair loss, weight gain
b) Rash, leukopenia, dizziness, ataxia, drowsiness, fatigue, oedema, weight gain, hyponatremia

A

a) Valproate

b) Carbamazepine