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H-60M Blackhawk > Aeromed (3-04.93) > Flashcards

Aeromed (3-04.93) Flashcards

1
Q

The four types of hypoxia are (2-64)

A

Hypoxic
Hypemic
Histotoxic
Stagnant

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2
Q

Hypoxic hypoxia is caused by (2-65)

A

Low FiO2 (low partial pressure of oxygen)

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3
Q

Hypoxic hypoxia generally occurs at altitudes greater than (2-70)

A

10000’ MSL

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4
Q

Hypemic hypoxia is caused by (2-66)

A

Decreased oxygen carrying capacity of blood (anemia, hypovolemia, CO poisoning, nitrites)

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5
Q

Stagnant hypoxia is caused by (2-67)

A

Inadequate circulation of blood (cardiogenic shock, vasodilation, high G forces)

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6
Q

Histotoxic hypoxia is caused by (2-68)

A

Inability of cells to utilize oxygen (CN/CO, alcohol, narcotics)

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7
Q

Susceptibility to hypoxia is affected by (2-71)

A 
Diet and nutrition 
Physical fitness
Ascent rate
Duration of exposure
Ambient Temperature
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8
Q

The system most affected by hypoxia is (2-72)

A

Nervous system (i.e. brain)

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9
Q

The four stages of hypoxic hypoxia are (2-74)

A

Indifferent
Compensatory
Disturbance
Critical

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10
Q

The indifferent stage of hypoxia is characterized by (SpO2, altitude, symptoms) (2-74)

A

> 90%
<10000’
Tachycardia, tachypnea

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11
Q

The compensatory stage of hypoxia is characterized by (SpO2, altitude, symptoms) (2-74)

A

80-90%
10000-15000’ ASL
Drowsy, impaired fine motor ability, poor judgement

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12
Q

The disturbance stage of hypoxia is characterized by (SpO2, altitude, symptoms) (2-74)

A

70-80%
15000-20000’ ASL
Impaired speech, vision, gross motor ability, memory; reduced pain sensation

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13
Q

The critical stage of hypoxia is characterized by (SpO2, altitude, symptoms) (2-74)

A

<70%
20000’
Seizures, unconsciousness, cardiac arrest

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14
Q

Supplemental oxygen is recommended for night flight above what altitude? (2-82)

A

4000’ ASL

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15
Q

Hyperventilation is defined as (2-85)

A

Excessive rate and depth of ventilation resulting in reduced PaCO2

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16
Q

Hyperventilation in an aviation setting is usually caused by (2-86)

A

Hypoxia (Anxiety)

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17
Q

Signs of hyperventilation (reduced PaCO2) include (2-92)

A

Dizziness
Carpal-pedal spasms and paresthesia
Visual imparement

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18
Q

Trapped gas disorders can cause what symptoms? (2-101)

A

Toothache
Earache
Abdominal Pain
Sinus pressure

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19
Q

Boyle’s Law is the relationship between

A

Volume and pressure of a gas; as pressure decreases, volume increases (P = 1/V)

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20
Q

The volume of a gas doubles at approximately what altitude? (2-103)

A

15000’ ASL

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21
Q

How do you reduce the chance for abdominal pain from a trapped gas disorder? (2-106)

A

Maintain healthy eating habits

Avoid risky foods prior to flight (onion, apples, cabbage, beans, cucumbers, melons)

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22
Q

Relieving abdominal pain from a trapped gas disorder may include (2-107)

A

Passing gas
Abdominal percussion
Reducing altitude

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23
Q

Relieving ear pain from a trapped gas disorder may include (2-114)

A 
Yawning, jaw opening/closing
Chewing gum (not recommended during flight)
Valsalva (do not perform on ascent)
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24
Q

Ear pain from a trapped gas disorder is called ___, and usually occurs when? (2-109)

A

Barotitis media

Descent

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25
Q

Treatment of sinus pain from a trapped gas disorder may include (2-119)

A

Forceful valsalva
Slower rate of descent
Ascent to clear sinuses

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26
Q

Tooth pain from a trapped gas disorder is called __, and usually occurs where? (2-120)

A

Barodontalgia

>5000’ ASL

27
Q

Henry’s law states (2-122)

A

The amount of gas dissolved in a liquid is proportional to the pressure of the gas above the liquid.

28
Q

Decompression sickness (DCS) is attributed to what gas (2-124)

A

Nitrogen

29
Q

What factors influence the development of decompression sickness when flying? (2-126)

A

Rate of ascent
Altitude
Duration of Exposure
Physical exertion

30
Q

What are the two common names for the different types of decompression sickness? (2-130)

A

The bends and the chokes

31
Q

What symptoms are associated with the bends? (Tab 2-130)

A

Joint pain

Paresthesias

32
Q

What symptoms are associated with the chokes? (2-130)

A

Sharp or burning sensation in chest
“Feeling of running a sprint to exhaustion”
Sensation of suffocation

Blurry vision, Headache, Unilateral paresthesia/weakness

33
Q

The chokes may resemble what two disease processes? (2-130)

A

Pulmonary Embolism

Stroke

34
Q

Describe the 4 methods that can limit the development of decompression sickness? (2-131)

A 
Denitrogenation (100% FiO2 for 30 min = 30% loss)
Cabin Pressurization (to between 8000-10000')
Limit time at altitude
Aircrew restrictions (no flight within 24h after SCUBA)
35
Q

Treatment for decompression sickness includes (2-136)

A

Immediate landing
High FiO2
Report to MO or transport to definitive care
Hyperbaric chamber (if symptoms persist)

36
Q

Decompression sickness can be delayed by as many as __ hours (2-137)

A

48

37
Q

What is stress? (3-2)

A

A psychological condition resulting in 1) a change in body chemistry and function, 2) a perceived or actual demand for action

38
Q

The four types of stressors are (3-3)

A

Psychosocial (life events)
Environmental
Physiological (self-imposed)
Cognitive (mental)

39
Q

The acronym for the physiological stressors is (3-17)

A 
D rugs (dehydration)
E xhaustion
A lcohol
T obacco
H ypoglycemia
40
Q

The four types of stress responses are (3-43)

A

Emotional
Behavioral
Cognitive
Physical

41
Q

The 24 hour sleep/wake cycle is called the (3-75)

A

Circadian Rhythm

42
Q

You should not sleep more than __ hours at a time when recovering from sleep deprivation (3-98)

A

10

43
Q

During high tempo work periods, the best way to avoid fatigue is (3-95)

A

Taking naps

44
Q

Soldiers should sleep a minimum of __ hours per day for continuous operations (3.84)

A

5

45
Q

The two types of photoreceptors in the eyes are (8-6)

A

Rods and Cones

46
Q

Rods are used for __ vision, use the chemical __, and are located where on the retina (8-6)

A

Night or low-intensity light, rhodopsin, peripheray

47
Q

Cones are used for __ vision, use the chemical __, and are located where on the retina (8-6)

A

Day or high-intensity light, iodopsin, center

48
Q

Night vision requires a build-up of the chemical __, which takes approximately __ minutes (8-10)

A

Rhodopsin, 30-45 minutes

49
Q

The three types of vision are (8-12)

A

Photopic
Mesopic
Scotopic

50
Q

Define photopic vision (8-13)

A

Occurs in bright light
Uses cones only (rods bleached)
Allows sharp, colorful, high-contrast images

51
Q

Define mesopic vision (8-14)

A

Occurs at dawn, dusk, and full moonlight
Uses rods and cones
Reduces color vision and visual acuity

52
Q

Define scotopic vision (8-15)

A

Occurs at night with poor illumination
Uses rods only
Decreased visual acuity

53
Q

Scotopic vision requires the use of peripheral vision because (8-17)

A

Rods are located less in the center of the retina and more on the peripheray

54
Q

Explain the five major visual deficiencies (8- 19-23)

A 
Myopia (nearsightedness)
Hyperopia (farsightedness)
Astigmatism (unequal curvature of lens)
Presbyopia (Hardening of the lens, causes cataracts)
Cataracts (cloudy lenses)
55
Q

Any surgery to correct visual deficiencies results in automatic __ (8-27)

A

Disqualification from flight duty (may be temporary or permanent)

56
Q

To best see objects at night, you should use __ vision, and look at an object no longer than __ (8-47,49)

A

Off-center (look 10 deg above/below/side of object)

3 seconds per position

57
Q

The halo effect, observed around lights, indicates ___ (8-75)

A

High humidity and possibility of ground fog

58
Q

One ounce of alcohol (one drink) causes the equivalent physiological effect as an altitude of __ (8-83)

A

2000’

59
Q

Resuming crew member duties after consuming alcohol has what two requirements? (8-84)

A

At least 12 hours since last drink

No residual effects (hangover)

60
Q

Alcohol causes what type of hypoxia? (8-83)

A

Histotoxic

61
Q

Smoking causes what type of hypoxia? Due to? (8-86)

A

Hypemic, CO

62
Q

A one pack/day smoker has their night vision reduced by __%, or the equivalent of what altitude? (8-86)

A

20%, 4000’

63
Q

The army regulation regarding aeromedical is

A

3-04.93

H-60M Blackhawk (12 decks)

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